Chapter 8: The High Middle Ages

SECTION 1: THE CRUSADES Chapter 14: The High Middle Ages

Crusades European Christians launched a series of religious wars called the Crusades. The goal of each war was to take the Holy Land.

Muslims had taken control of Jerusalem, Persia, and Southwest Asia by the late 100s. Pope Urban II called Church leaders to the Council of Clermont.

First Crusade

Peasants and knights set out on the First Crusade in Some Crusaders in Germany decided to fight the Jews located there. Took three years to reach Jerusalem and once the Muslims were defeated and set up Christian states in the Holy Land.

By 1144, the Muslims started to regain control of the land that they lost in the First Crusade including Edessa. The Second Crusade started in 1147 and it was a failure.

Second Crusade

Saladin gained control in the Muslim world and set out to take back the Crusader states. He drove the Christians out of Jerusalem. Richard the Lion Hearted attacks but was unable to take back the Holy Land. The Third Crusade ended in a draw.

Third Crusade

Christians attempted to take back the Jerusalem in They were disorganized and dangerous so when they reached Constantinople, they decided to loot the city. By 1291, Muslims had completely driven Christians out of the Holy Land.

Fourth Crusade

SECTION 2: TRADE AND TOWNS Chapter 14: The High Middle Ages

Trade Italians were the first people to have good economy in Medieval Europe. They traded across the Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas. They would trade silk and spices. Trade encouraged people to use money so merchants allowed people to buy goods on credit.

People started to move into cities. New technologies included: wind mill, plow, and water mills. Towns were run by lords who charged whatever they wanted in taxes. By 1300, Paris and Rome each had 100,000 residents.

Craftspeople organized into guilds. Guilds restricted competition. They would set prices for their products. They would train children in their craft. You would start out as an apprentice, then work your way up to master.

Middle Ages cities were very dirty. Streets were narrow and contained many buildings. Animals as well as people crowded city streets. Disease, fire, and crime were the main dangers.

SECTION 3: ART AND CULTURE OF THE MIDDLE AGES Chapter 14: The High Middle Ages

Many writings of the Middle Ages dealt with religion. People were encourages to interpret the Holy Bible in their own ways. Epics and romances were other popular writing choices of the day.

Poems were performed by troubadours. They were written in the vernacular, or everyday language.

Scientific research was also important. Alchemy, and early form of chemistry was practiced. Scientists would try do such things as turn base metals (lead) into gold.

Universities also started to spring up around Europe. Subjects such as Latin Grammar, logic, and astronomy.

Thomas Aquinas was the most influential scholar of the time. He studied Greek works and argued that both reason and faith were necessary for an understanding of truth. This is known as Scholasticism.

SECTION 4: CHALLENGES OF THE LATE MIDDLE AGES Chapter 14: The High Middle Ages

Heresy or beliefs that opposed the official teachings of the Church were a big problem. They dealt with it in a couple of ways.

The primary method was inquisitions. These are legal procedures supervised by special judges. Heresy was also fought through Christian education.

Friars traveled around spreading Christian ideals. They also took vows of poverty and obedience.

One of the best ways to gain political power was to wage war. The French king died in 1328, made the English want to rule both England and France. Edward III invaded France in 1337, starting the Hundred Years’ War.

England had the upper hand until Joan of Arc came along. Her troops won an important battle at Orleans. She was captured and put to death. Charles VII rallied his troops and the French took back the land the English took and won the war by 1453.

Two families, Lancasters and Yorks started fighting which lead to the War of the Roses in At first the Yorkists were successful but that would change after Edward IV died. After numerous uprisings, Henry VII would rise to power by 1487, ending the war.

Causes and Effect of the Black Death Causes of Black Death  Bubonic plague  Carried by fleas on rats  Spreads from Asia to Middle East to Europe

The Black Death in Europe People turn to magic and witchcraft People flee cities or hide in homes Christians blame Jews

Effects of the Black Death  One-third of the people died  Production declines  Inflation  Peasants revolt

The Black Death devastated Europe from 1347 to It is still unknown what it actually was and what caused it. It is believed that it existed in two forms: bubonic and pneumonic plague. It was passed around by humans and animals.

Consequences and Effects of the Black Death plague The Consequences and effects of the Black Death plague were far reaching in England: Prices and Wages rose Greater value was placed on labor Farming land was given over to pasturing, which was much less labor- intensive This change in farming led to a boost in the cloth and woolen industry Peasants moved from the country to the towns The Black Death was therefore also responsible for the decline of the Feudal system People became disillusioned with the church and its power and influence went into decline This resulted in the English reformation

Black Death Symptoms The symptoms of the Black Death were terrible and swift :  Painful swellings (buboes) of the lymph nodes  These swellings, or buboes, would appear in the armpits, legs, neck, or groin  A bubo was at first a red color. The bubo then turned a dark purple color, or black  Other symptoms of the Black Death included:  a very high fever  delirium  the victim begins to vomit  muscular pains  bleeding in the lungs  mental disorientation  The plague also produced in the victim an intense desire to sleep, which, if yielded to, quickly proved fatal  A victim would die quickly - victims only lived between 2 -4 days after contracting the deadly disease

If a person became infected, they would have large dark splotches on the skin. High fever, vomiting, severe headaches. The Black Death mean certain death and most people died within a few days. 25 million people died as a result (one third of the population).