Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Blood?  Produce a spider diagram of everything that you can remember about blood Chapter 21 BLOOD

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display SPORTS INJURIES Chapter 22

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Lesson Aims Chapter 23

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Chapter 24 LiquidSolid Plasma, which is a straw- colored fluid comprised mostly of water Cellular components, including: -red blood cells -white blood cells -platelets Blood, when allowed to stand, will separate into two components:

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Chapter 25 Originate in the bone marrow Resemble the shape of a doughnut without a hole (biconcave) Average lifespan is 120 days Normal value = approximately 4.5 to 5 million per cubic millimeter of blood Contains an iron-rich protein molecule called hemoglobin Responsible for carrying oxygen and removing carbon dioxide from every body cell

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Chapter 26 Normal Hemoglobin Levels Male = 14–18 grams/100 mL of blood Female = 12 – 16 grams/100 mL of blood An abnormally low hemoglobin level and/or decrease in the number of red blood cells is called anemia. Symptoms of Anemia Weakness Headache Pale skin color Difficulty breathing I’m just so tired!

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Chapter 27 Also known as white blood cells Primarily responsible for destroying foreign substances such as pathogens Appear round and white because they lack hemoglobin Normal adult has 5,000 to 10,000 white blood cells per cubic millimeter of blood Types of White Blood Cells GranulocytesAgranulocytes Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils Monocytes Lymphocytes

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Chapter 28 Granulocytes Neutrophils Most numerous of all the WBCs Main warriors against infection (phagocytosis) Eosinophils Present in a very small quantity Ingest and destroy foreign proteins Secrete chemicals to destroy parasites Increase during allergic reactions and parasitic infections Basophils Least common granulocyte Assist with the inflammatory process Release histamine and heparin

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Chapter 29 Agranulocytes Monocytes Largest in size of all the white blood cells Primary function is phagocytosis Survive for several months Effective against chronic infections Lymphocytes Assist with the immune system Produce antibodies that destroy pathogens Aid in controlling allergic reactions Quantities of each type of WBC can be determined with a blood test known as a differential.

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Chapter 210 Also known as platelets Smallest of all the cellular components Normal adult has 150,000 to 450,000 per cubic millimeter of blood Average lifespan is 9 to 12 days Prevent blood loss following an injury

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Chapter 211 Composition of Plasma Water Nutrients Hormones Electrolytes Proteins Waste Protective substances Serum is the liquid portion of clotted blood. Centrifugation is a procedure that separates blood into liquid and cellular components.

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Chapter 212 Apply Your Knowledge What is the primary function of thrombocytes or platelets? ANSWER: To prevent blood loss following an injury GREAT!

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display  QVTHDM90io QVTHDM90io Chapter 213

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Chapter 214 Following an injury, four events are available to stop the bleeding: Vessels decrease in size to stop bleeding in small vessels Inner torn layer of the vessels releases chemical signals that call platelets to the site of injury Requires the presence of certain clotting factors to form fibrin Blood Vessel Spasm 1 Platelet Plug Formation 2 Blood Clotting 3 Fibrinolysis 4 Begins the repair process

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display  bZUeb83uU bZUeb83uU Chapter 215

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Chapter 216 I. Blood vessel spasmII. Platelet plug Formation III. Blood clottingIV. Fibrinolysis

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Chapter 217 I. II. III. IV.

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Chapter 218 Patients on anticoagulants or those lacking natural clotting ability require close monitoring following. Hemophilia Apply manual pressure for a minimum of 3 to 5 minutes to ensure that bleeding has stopped. Lack of Clotting Factors

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Chapter 219 Apply Your Knowledge Describe the four events necessary to stop blood flow to an injured site. ANSWER: Blood vessel spasm, platelet plug formation, blood clotting, fibrinolysis GOOD JOB!

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Chapter 220 The blood group system recognizes four blood types: Type A, B, AB, and O They are distinguished from each other in part by their antigens and antibodies. Specific antibodies are found in the serum based on the type of antigen on the surface of the RBC.

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Chapter 221 Compatibility Chart Blood TypeCan Accept FromCan Donate To A B AB O A, O B, O A, B, AB, O O A, AB B, AB AB O, A, AB, B

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Chapter 222 The Rh Factor Rh-PositiveRh-Negative Contains the Rh antigenNo Rh antigen Will make antibodies if given Rh-positive blood Agglutination can occur if given Rh- positive blood Clinically, it is very important for a female to know her Rh type if she becomes pregnant.

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Chapter 223 For all “type and cross-match” orders, additional identification is usually required. This may include a signature and identification number as well as initialing the tube and requisition form. Always follow your facility’s policy Type and Cross-Match Blood Specimens

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Chapter 224 Mary is type O and she requires a blood transfusion. Which of the following people can she receive blood from? John (type AB) Harry (type B) Kala (type O) Answer: Kala type O BRAVO!