Right now! Show a cross between a heterozygous Purple flower and a pink flower. What are the odds of these flowers producing a pink flower? What are the genoytypic and phenotypic ratios?

Read and explain this problem involving one of Mr. Selent’s hundreds of cats Carbon is a white male cat who successfully courts and mates with Flourine, a black cat. Every one of their kittens is grey! How is this possible? Explain.

Is every trait dominant and recessive Nope! Not every trait is determined by completely dominant and completely recessive alleles! You may have incomplete dominance! =The blending of traits

Incomplete dominance class practice If the alleles for color of Lilly flower color are incompletely dominant… R=codes for red, B = blue What is the color of a Lilly homozygous for Red? What color is a Lilly with R and B allele?

Wait there is another one! Co dominance! What does cooperate mean? Co exist? Co worker?

Codominance Blood type shows codominance and has multiple alleles Phenotype (Blood Type Genotype Antigen on Red Blood Cell Safe Transfusions ToFrom

Multiple Alleles Many genes have multiple alleles for each gene. Coat color in rabbits is determined by 4 alleles on a single gene.

Codominance When both alleles show up in the phenotype Example: Black Zebra plus a White Zebra =

Which one is co Dominant

How to we show heredity over generations? Pedigrees!

Pedigree Chart A pedigree chart shows relationships within a family

Define carrier!

A circle represents a female. A square represents a male. A horizontal line connecting a male and female represents a marriage. A vertical line and a bracket connect the parents to their children. A half-shaded circle or square indicates that a person is a carrier of the trait. A completely shaded circle or square indicates that a person expresses the trait. A circle or square that is not shaded indicates that a person neither expresses the trait nor is a carrier of the trait.

Hemophilia Sex linked trait Cannot clot blood Called the Royal Disease Queen Victoria Factor VIII: antihaemophilic globulin Platelets

How to read pedigrees Squares = males Circles = females Horizontal lines to square and circle = mating Vertical lines shows parenthood and offspring Colored squares/circles = individual exhibits trait in question

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Practice! Make 3 practice pedigrees with at least 10 individuals - 7 minutes Involving autosomal dominant, recessive or X linked (Sex linked) traits Give to someone in classroom and see if they can determine type of disease and carriers (if applicable)

Poly genetic traits Traits controlled by more than one gene

Polygenic Traits Most of your traits are controlled by the interaction of many genes. At least 4 different genes control skin color. Multiple genes working together produce a continuous distribution in a “Bell Shape” curve of degrees of light to dark. The MC1R gene is located on the long (q) arm of chromosome 16 at position 24.3.chromosome 16

Examples of Polygenic Traits Body Type Height Skin Color Intelligence We often see the famous “Bell Curve” Individual genes of a polygenic trait follow Mendel's laws but together do not produce Mendelian ratios.

Height in humans is controlled by ~700 genes in the body Polygenic Traits

The Environment Heavily Influences Polygenic traits

Recent studies show … Hypertension &Diabetes Cancers & Allergies Cardiovascular diseases Behavioral traits (alcoholism and phobias) Have some genetic link but also environmental explanation…