Exploration and expansion The Age of Exploration Exploration and expansion

Exploration and expansion Motives and Means A. European Exploration 1. Portugal 2. Spain 3. Dutch 4. England 5. France

Exploration and expansion Motives Marco Polo visits Kublai Khan, writes The Travels, describing exotic East experience. Conquests of Ottoman Turks leads to travels by sea

Exploration and expansion Five Motives for Exploration Expand Trade Search for spices and gold Religious zeal-introduce Catholic Faith Convert natives to Christianity The 3 G’s—God, Glory, Gold (religion, fame, fortune)

Exploration and expansion The Trading Portuguese Trading Empire 1. Leader in trading 2. Explored western coast of Africa-The gold Coast 3. Bartholomeu Dias-sailed Cape of Good Hope

Exploration and expansion 4. Vasco de Gama-sailed around Cape of Good Hope and cut across Indian Ocean to Asia. Sold spices and made profit of several thousand percent. 5. Portuguese destroy Muslim shipping and control spice trade. 6. Admiral Afonso-set up trading port at Goa. 7. Melaka-thriving port for spice trade.

Exploration and expansion Voyages to The Americas 1. Spanish sail west across the Atlantic to reach spice trade. 2. Portuguese sail east through Indian Ocean to reach spice trade

Exploration and expansion Voyages of Columbus Italian explorer sponsored by Spanish Queen Isabella. Reached Caribbean and Honduras-called it the Indies

Exploration and expansion A Line of Demarcation Treaty of Tordesillas 1494- gave Portugal control of the trade routes around Africa, Spain had rights to the Americas

Exploration and expansion Treaty of Tordesillas

Exploration and expansion Race to the Americas John Cabot-explored New England coast line of the Americas Amerigo Vespucci-accompanied Pedro Cabral on voyages to South America

Exploration and expansion The Spanish Empire Spanish Explorers were called Conquistadors Hernan Cortes-took Aztec empire in 3 years Francisco Pizarro-controlled Incan empire Spanish take control of Latin America in 30 years Portuguese take Brazil due to line of demarcation 1535 colonial governments set up in Americas

Exploration and expansion The Spanish Empire Native Americans declared subjects by Queen Isabella Granted the Spanish encomienda, the right to use Native Americans as laborers. Spanish did not protect Native Americans as directed by Queen Native Americans put to work on plantations and mines

Exploration and expanison The Spanish Empire Native Americans begin to die due to forced labor, starvation and disease. Europeans diseases: smallpox, measles, and typhus. Hispaniola had population of 250,000 when Columbus arrived 1538 only 500 Native Americans alive Mexico : Population went from 25 million(1519) to 1 million (1630)

Exploration and expansion The Spanish Empire Catholics contribute to conquest by converting and baptizing natives Churches, schools, hospitals built. Represent European society Native American traditions replaced with European systems of Religion, language, culture, and government

Exploration and expansion Economic Impact and Competition Aztecs viewed conquerers as greedy pigs who longed for gold. Colonists began to establish plantations and ranches to raise sugar, cotton, vanilla, livestock and other new products Potatoes, cocoa, corn and tobacco native to the Americas were shipped to Europe Exchange between old and new worlds became known as the Columbian Exchange

Exploration and expansion Economic Impact and Competition New Rivals Enter the Scene Spanish establish colonies in the Philippine Islands English settle in India Dutch settle in India, establish the East India Company to compete with English and Portuguese. Dutch settle in America and establish the West India Company to compete with Spanish and Portuguese English eventually crush Dutch empire in the Americas and take over, renaming areas such as New York.

Exploration and Expansion Economic Impact and Competition New Rivals Enter the Scene 1600’s French colonize parts of Canada and Louisiana English settle and founded Virginia and Massachusetts Bay Colonies 1700, English have colonial empire along eastern seaboard of North America

Exploration and expansion Economic Impact and Competition Trade, Colonies, and Mercantilism European nations enter the Commercial Revolution Mercantilism-a set of principals that dominated economic thought during 1600’s Idea behind mercantilism-the prosperity of a nation depended on large supply of gold and silver. The more gold and silver a nation had, the more prosperous the nation was. Balance of Trade is the difference in value between what a nation imports and what a nation exports. Favorable balance shows more exports than imports