Chapter 10: Physical Development from One to Three Essential Question: How does a child grow and develop from age one to age three, and how does the caregiver help promote this development? Parenting and Child Development

Section 10-1: Growth and Development from One to Three Essential Question: How does a child change and grow from age one to age three?

TODDLERS PRESCHOOLERS One and two year olds Can walk - unsteady Ages three, four and five

Factors that influence child development. Heredity Nutrition Health Life Experiences

GROWTH from ONE to THREE Height and Weight Proportion Posture Growth slows from first year Heredity and environment influence this These size differences continue through life Changes in proportion lead to better posture Head is smaller in proportion Changes help improve balance Torso & legs lengthen

TEETH 1 year olds – 2 year olds – 3 year olds - The quality of a child’s teeth is influenced by: Diet – Tooth decay – Heredity – Dental Visits - 8 teeth 16 teeth 20 teeth These are all baby teeth that will be replaced. Affects quality of adult teeth Caused by poor diet or poor oral hygiene Some children are more likely to get cavities Start at 18 months

Three Patterns of Development Head to Foot Center Out Simple to Complex

Gross Motor Skills Hand-Eye Coordination Fine Motor Skills ▪Physical activity promotes development of big muscles. ▪ Play is good for them. ▪ Children progress from walking to climbing, running, hopping, etc. as balance improves. ▪ Age 1 – can pick up small objects w/thumb and forefinger ▪ By age 2 – can feed themselves and drink from a cup ▪ After age 2 – some children show hand preference. Others may use both hands up until age 5. ▪ After age 1 – when child can pick up objects between thumb and forefinger, eye-hand coordination improves. ▪ Children need practice – through play

Section 10-2: Caring for Children from One to Three Essential Question: What must a parent consider when caring for a child from ages one to three?

A child’s sleep habits often change around their 2 nd birthday. Require less sleep Often don’t fall asleep easily Parents must be sure they get enough sleep

One-year-olds Two and three-year-olds Sleep Patterns 6+ hours a night 2 naps – several hours each Naps get shorter Nighttime sleep increases Usually no AM nap Afternoon naps continue Need total 10 – 14 hours of sleep each day

1. 2. Makes falling asleep difficult for 1 to 3 year olds. Causes them to use drink – bathroom – story to get_____________ and ______________ Fears Separation Anxiety comfort reassurance

= Comfort Predictable = = Broken Routine Need for Self- comfort = Routine Blanket Thumb sucking

Common Sleep Problems Waking Briefly Night Terrors Nightmares Fear of the Dark Some fall asleep on their own Some need parent’s attention Frightening dreams that seem real Children need comfort and reassurance Occur during early hours of sleep ”wake up” screaming but not awake. Often don’t remember Stay calm & discuss Might use night light Don’t tease

How to manage transitions in a child’s routine: Warn them ahead of time – change is coming. Give them time to check out new places and people. Make sure the child knows what is expected.

Food habits formed now influence future eating! Establish good habits Enjoy nutritious foods Take appropriate portions Offer variety Consistency is important

Young children need to eat Every 3 – 4 hours

Meals are more appealing if they have a variety of: Color – ▪ variety ▪ fruits & veggies Texture – Chewy, soft, crunchy, juicy, crispy Ease of eating Temperature – need variety Shapes – variety

When feeding children: Parents should Model good _____________ Encourage children to eat _____________ Model good _____________ Encourage _____________ rather than _____________ Encourage children to eat only _______________ Not offer food as _____________ BehaviorNutrition When hungry Water Sweet drinks Slowly Reward or punishment

Children’s’ Hygiene TEETH WASHING and BATHING TOILET TRAINING Most trained between 2 and 3 Must be physically ready – Must: ●Control muscles to “hold it” ●Tell someone ●Remove clothes Must be emotionally ready – ●Show interest Caregiver must remain calm Build self-esteem Bowel control comes before bladder control Daily bath Wash hands Stress safety Brush daily w/small toothbrush Brush themselves by age 2 Adults must help Dental check-ups by 18 months

Parents should encourage self- dressing. Teaches independence & responsibility Mastered by age 3 Choose easy on/off styles

When choosing children’s clothing, look for: ComfortFabric DurabilityEconomy Room to Grow

Health, Illness, Safety Immunizations Illness Check-upsEnvironmental ▪ protection from disease ▪ required for school ▪ children get sick often ▪ respiratory illness and ear infections are common ▪ check growth and development ▪ keep away from cigarette smoke ▪ keep away from lead paint

Safety Hazards Choking Unsafe toys PoisonsFire/Burns Water Safety Climbing Motor Vehicles Sunburn Pets

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