GEOGRAPHY REVIEW ■ How the earth is represented ◆ Maps ◆ Globes ■ How the earth is organized ◆ Directions ◆ Mathematical measurements ■ How the earth is divided ◆ Hemispheres

Measurements ■ Lines of latitude (parallels) ◆ Measured in degrees N&S of equator ◆ 0 to 90 ■ Lines of longitude (meridians) ◆ Measured in degrees E&W of prime meridian ◆ 0 to 180

Map Activity!

Opening Activity (OA) 1 1. What is the role of the government? 2. What are some of their responsibilities?

Key Terms Government – the group of people who control and make decisions for a country, state – a particular system used for controlling a country Political: relating to government Laws: rules made by the government of a town or country

Key Terms Monarchy (Mono – One): a country that is ruled by a King or a queen Aristocracy: Few privileged people rule the country – Privileged means having special rights or advantages Oligarchy: – government by the few – a government in which a small group exercises control

Rise of Democracy ■ Rise of Democratic Ideals ◆ Evolution (changed) from Monarchy and Aristocracy or Oligarchy ◆ Athens, Greece ■ Democracy: Type of government in which people have the power ◆ Pure/Direct Democracy – every citizen participated in decision making ◆ Representative Democracy– when people choose representatives to make decisions for them

Rise of Democracy ■ Principles of Democracy ◆ Rule by the people, ◆ Rule by law – law should govern a nation, ◆ Due process of law – The principle that an individual cannot be deprived of life, liberty, or property without appropriate legal procedures and safeguards.

Golden age of Greece ■ Reforms of Solon ◆ Council of 400 – reviewed laws before reaching the assembly ◆ Freed slaves ■ Reforms of Cleisthenes ◆ Increased number & power of assembly (500) ◆ Direct Democracy (Male citizens over 18) ■ Reforms of Pericles ◆ Paid salaries – allowed more citizens to get involved with the government ◆ Schools of Philosophy ♦ Socrates, Plato, Aristotle

OA 2 Pg 139 What is Philosophy? Do you have any philosophy you live your life by? Ex: “You are what you eat”

Philosophy Philosophy is an organized system of thought Philo -- Love Sophomos – Wisdom Philosopher was a person who loves and seeks wisdom and knowledge. In Athens, Greek philosophers spoke of nature of life, people, and government. Plato’s, The Republic – How government should be organized

Analyzing, THE REPUBULIC 1. Underline or highlight words you need to define 2. On a separate sheet of paper, we will define the terms 3. We will read the text together 4. Working with your group summarize the reading below the lines.

Myths of Rome Romulus and RemusFall of Troy (Trojan Spartan War)

Wars and Conquests Expansion of wealth and power! But the common people stayed powerless. This led to civil wars.

Roman Republic Monarchy was overthrown, and the citizens created a republic. Republic representative government Ensure not one person gained too much power Branches of the government: Senate and two assemblies Senate-- Most powerful governing body in Rome Senators served for life and was responsible for making laws (legislation)

Roman Senate

Roman Republic Patricians the original aristocratic families of Ancient Rome Powerful elites Plebeians Commoners— farmers, merchants, artisans and traders Slaves Prisoners of war or people in debt

Roman Legal System ◆ Inequalities in Rome led to the creation of the 12 Tables ◆ 12 Tables—Rome’s first code of law that was written down on stone tablets. ◆ Tribunes – elected from the lower classes and who had the power to block (veto) decisions made by the assemblies.

What are some similarities?

12 Tables of Rome! First Legal code of Rome that was the foundation of Roman Republic.

OA 3 1.What purposes do laws serve? 2.What kind of laws are there in today’s society?

Judeo-Christian Tradition ■ Abrahamic religions originated from the traditions Judaism. ◆ Judaism: teachings of prophets ◆ Christianity: teachings of Jesus ◆ Islam: teachings of Mohammed ◆ All three are Monotheistic (Monotheism is the belief in one god). ◆ They all possess sacred texts, laws, and equal treatment that must be upheld

Compare and Contrast

Medieval Reforms Feudalism Social system in medieval Europe, in which the nobility held lands from the Crown in exchange for military service. Peasants were obliged to live on their lord's land and give him labor in exchange for military protection.

Medieval Reforms ◆ Governments based on Absolutism also called Absolute Monarchy lasted for 1000 years ◆ Absolute Monarchy is a government in which the monarch (King or Queen) has absolute power among his or her people. He or she has unrestricted political power. ◆ English nobles forced King of England to sign the Magna Carta (1215) ◆ This document limited the power of the king ◆ Source of rights and liberties ◆ Parliament: Representative body /Legislature to check the powers of the King

Social Movements ■ Renaissance (Rebirth) ◆ Cultural movement in Italy ◆ Modeled after Greek, Roman ♦ Art, Music, Philosophy ♦ Da Vinci, Michelangelo, etc ◆ Stressed individualism and secular (not Godly) things

Michelangelo's Pietà

Social Movements Cnt’d ■ Reformation ◆ Religious movement led by Martin Luther, a German Monk ◆ Sought to end corruption in the Church (Roman Catholic Church ♦ Indulgences – payment to the Church in exchange for forgiveness of sin. ♦ Nailed 95 theses to church door ♦ Stood his ground at Diet of Worms ♦ Divided Church into 2 groups Catholics and Protestants