V. Beneficial Roles of Bacteria A. Food 1. fermenters 2. yogurt, sour cream, pickles, saurkraut, cheese B. Industrial chemical production 1. mining minerals and petroleum 2. chemical production – insulin, acetic acid –cleaning up oil spills

C. Food Hygiene 1. Foodborne Illness a. last about one week b. nausea, vomiting, intestinal cramps, organ failure c. dirty conditions d. undercooked foods 2. Hygiene a. wash hands and food prep areas b. store foods properly and immediately c. reheat thoroughly

D. Useful Bacteria in Industry 1. Normal flora used in bioremediation a. intestines, mouth, respiratory b. help keep other invaders out 2. Sewage treatment a. decomposers b. biodegradable items for recycling

VI. Bacterial Diseases and Antibiotics A. Bacteria and Disease 1. Pathology 2. Pathogen 3. Toxins –Cause

b) Exotoxins 1) secrete toxin into the environment 2) toxin made of proteins 3) mostly Gram + ex: tetanus, diphtheria Both toxins cause: fever, weakness, body aches, diarrhea, hemorrage, death a) Endotoxins 1) store toxin in the cell wall 2) toxin made of lipids, carbohydrates 3) mostly Gram - ex: E. coli, salmonella

B. Defense 1) Antibiotics a) Alexander Flemming (1929) b) chemicals that inhibit growth of cell wall of some bacteria c) made of bacteria or fungi d) broad spectrum antibiotics - kill more than one type of bacteria ex: penicillin, tetacycline, sulfa

b) Antibiotic resistance 1) due to mutations –Conjugation allows plasmids to be exchanged that have the resistance gene 2) due to over-prescribing 3) patients not finishing the prescription 4) Many diseases that were once easy to treat are becoming more difficult because of resistance

B. Zoonosis 1. diseases that pass from animals to humans 2. becoming more common due to increased global travel 3. going into areas previously uninhabited by humans 4. mad cow, lyme’s disease, bird flu