Bacteria Kingdom (Monera) Fall 2014

Life’s History Life’s existed for at least 3.6 billion years, most of Earth’s history. For most of its history, life was exclusively unicellular. The first half of life’s history saw only prokaryotic organisms. Multicellular eukaryotes arose about 1 billion years ago.

Life’s History and Diversity The Big Picture

Two Views of Life’s Organization – Domains and Kingdoms There are 2 Domains used for classifying bacteria

The Domain Archaea Archaea are best known for living in spectacularly inhospitable areas Arachea Bacteria are the oldest and most extreme bacteria.

A Deep Sea Thermal Vent – Prime Habitat for Archaean Extremophiles over 400 degrees F

Prismatic Pool, Yellowstone Park – Another “Hot” Site for Archaean Extremophiles

Prospecting for Archaea in Yellowstone’s Obsidian Pool Although Archaea were first discovered in extreme environments, it’s important to realize they’re found everywhere, not just in harsh conditions.

Eu bacteria – the Most common bacterial cells There are more bacteria in your mouth than there have been people living since the dawn of humans.

Intimate Associations Bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus; yellow spheres) adhering to nasal cilia.

What Good Are Bacteria? Bacteria are also essential for many processes we depend on – sewage treatment, cheese production, antibiotic production, and biotechnological processes like gene cloning and protein production.

What Good Are Bacteria? We also owe our ability to use oxygen and plant’s ability to photosynthesize to ancient bacteria taken up by our ancestral cells.

13 Bacteria -Get food from an outside source so they are Heterotrophs. They have no nucleus So they are prokaryotes

14 BACTERIA Bacteria - small one celled - Unicellular  Bacteria like a warm, dark, and moist environment They are found almost everywhere: -water-air -soil-food -skin-inside the body -on most objects

15 Spiral: spirilla rod-shaped: bacilli, bacillus Round: cocci 3 Shapes of Bacteria Bacteria are classified by shape into 3 groups:

16 3 Shapes of Bacteria Bacillus anthracis – (bacillus) Neisseria meningitidis (coccus) Leptospira interrogans – (spirilla)

17 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell Cell wall and a membrane DNA Ribosomes Flagella Cytoplasm

18 Cell wall 7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell  Thick outer covering that maintains the overall shape of the bacterial cell

19 Ribosomes 7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell  cell part where proteins are made

20 DNA is circular 7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell

21 Flagella 7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell  a whip-like tail that some bacteria have for locomotion

22 Cytoplasm 7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell  clear jelly-like material that makes up most of the cell

23 Binary Fission- the process of one organism dividing into two organisms Fission is a type of asexual reproduction Reproduction of Bacteria How?... The one main (circular) chromosome makes a copy of itself Then it divides into two Asexual reproduction- reproduction of a living thing from only one parent

24 BINARY FISSION Bacteria dividing Completed Reproduction of Bacteria - Asexual

25 The time of reproduction depends on how desirable the conditions are Bacteria can rapidly reproduce themselves in warm, dark, and moist conditions Some can reproduce every 20 minutes (one bacteria could be an ancestor to one million bacteria in six hours) Reproduction of Bacteria

26 Bacterial Cell & Nucleiod DNA Ring DNA replication Cell wall synthesis Cell separation

27 Bacteria Survival Endospore- a thick celled structure that forms inside the cell they are the major cause of food poisoning they can withstand boiling, freezing, and extremely dry conditions it encloses all the nuclear materials and some cytoplasm allows the bacteria to survive for many years

28 Bacillus subtilis Endospore-the black section in the middle  highly resistant structures  can withstand radiation, UV light, and boiling at 120oC for 15 minutes. Bacteria Survival

29 Bacteria Survival – Food sources parasites – bacteria that feed on living things saprophytes – use dead materials for food (exclusively) decomposers – get food from breaking down dead matter into simple chemicals important- because they send minerals and other materials back into the soil so other organisms can use them

30 Harmful Bacteria some bacteria cause diseases Animals can pass diseases to humans Communicable Disease – Disease passed from one organism to another This can happen in several ways: Air Touching clothing, food, silverware, or toothbrush Drinking water that contains bacteria

Human tooth with accumulation of bacterial plaque (smooth areas) and calcified tartar (rough areas) Harmful Bacteria

32 Helpful Bacteria Decomposers help recycle nutrients into the soil for other organisms to grow Bacteria grow in the stomach of a cow to break down grass and hay Most are used to make antibiotics Some bacteria help make insulin Used to make industrial chemicals

E.coli on small intestines Helpful Bacteria

34 Used to treat sewage Organic waste is consumed by the bacteria, used as nutrients by the bacteria, and is no longer present to produce odors, sludge, pollution, or unsightly mess. foods like yogurt, cottage & Swiss cheese, sour cream, buttermilk are made from bacteria that grows in milk Helpful Bacteria

35 Controlling Bacteria 3 ways to control bacteria: 1) Canning- the process of sealing food in airtight cans or jars after killing bacteria endospores are killed during this process 2) Pasteurization- process of heating milk to kill harmful bacteria 3) Dehydration- removing water from food Bacteria can’t grow when H 2 O is removed example: uncooked noodles & cold cereal

36 Controlling Bacteria Antiseptic vs. Disinfectants Antiseptic- chemicals that kill bacteria on living things means – “against infection” Examples: iodine, hydrogen peroxide, alcohol, soap, mouthwash Disinfectants- stronger chemicals that destroy bacteria on objects or nonliving things

Mitochondria and Chloroplasts – An Ancient Tale of Jonah and the Whale In this version, Jonah never got out, never wanted to, and eventually couldn’t live on his own outside the whale …. – and the whale was far better off for swallowing, but not eating, Jonah.

38 BLUE-GREEN BACTERIA Blooms- occur when the bacteria multiplies in great numbers and form scum on the top of the water  can be toxic to humans and animals

39 Controlling Bacteria

40 Ecoli movement animatoin ges/jjani_qt/ecoli_qt.html

Strep animation n.com/pages/jjani_qt/strep_pneu mo_qt.html Ecoli movement animatoin on.com/pages/jjani_qt/ecoli_qt.h tml

HIV movie