Interdependence and the Environment 17/05/16 Interdependence and the Environment Be able to use keywords to describe a food chain or food web. Draw and interpret pyramids of number and biomass. Describe the processes involved in the carbon cycle.

Food chains What do the following key terms mean? Carnivore - Herbivore - Omnivore - Predator - Prey - Consumer - Producer -

Food chains Carnivore – eats animals Herbivore – eats plants Omnivore eats plants and animals Predator – hunts other animals Prey – hunted by other animals Consumer – eats Producer - plant

Copy down this food chains and describe each organism using the keywords discussed earlier.

Food webs

Sketch out this food web and answer the following questions: 1. Name a carnivore 2. Name a herbivore 3. Name a producer 4. Where do producers get their energy from? 5. Name an omnivore 6. Name the top 2 predators.

Pyramids of numbers These show the numbers of each organism in the food chain.

Pyramids of numbers – not always as simple as we would like.

Pyramids of numbers

Pyramids of biomass What is biomass? This is the amount of living material.

Pyramids of biomass

Pyramids of biomass

How efficient are food chains? Energy is lost along the way: sunlight is reflected off leaves instead of being used for photosynthesis. respiration as heat. excretion and waste. movement.

Energy Transfer Pyramid of Biomass

Energy Transfer Pyramid of Biomass

Energy Transfer Energy transfer

Energy Transfer Energy transfer

Cabbage Rabbit Fox 100J 10J 1J

The Carbon Cycle This shows the flow of carbon within the environment. Some processes add carbon. Some processes take carbon away.

Photosynthesis Burning fossil fuels Respiration Feeding Decay

The Carbon Cycle - keywords Carbon Dioxide Sugars Photosynthesis Respiration Combustion (burning) Decay or decompose Bacteria Feeding Waste

Decomposers The most important decomposers are bacteria and fungi. Bacteria under an electron microscope Fungus (mould) © HEB

What Cattle do with Food What is the energy loss due to respiration? Just 4% Efficiency = useful output total energy input

Energy flow diagram The size of the arrows indicates the amount of energy.

Changes in populations A population is a group of the same organisms living in a particular area e.g. there were 1887 humans living in Hawarden village in 2015.

Which bird suffered the greatest decrease between 1970 and 2010.

Which bird suffered the greatest decrease between 1970 and 2010. % decrease = population loss / original population 60% 74% 68%

MEASURING ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE

We can measure environmental change using scientific instruments We can measure environmental change using scientific instruments. We can measure rainfall using a rain gauge. How it works

We can measure temperature using a temperature probe or a thermometer.

Oxygen levels in water can be measured with an oxygen probe.

LIVING INDICATORS

Freshwater shrimp (can live in slightly polluted water) Mayfly nymph (only found in clean water – high oxygen levels) Sludgeworms (can live in very polluted water – low oxygen levels)

We can use lichens as indicators of air pollution We can use lichens as indicators of air pollution. Lichens are very sensitive to the sulfur dioxide (SO2) which is produced when fossil fuels are burned.

Can you explain the distribution of the different types of lichen on the map? Crusty and leafy lichens – can cope with low levels of SO2. Leafy lichens – prefer very clean air © HEB