Radiography

What are some ways we can see inside of something?

X-Ray Imaging  Electromagnetic radiation between Ultraviolet and Gamma rays  Produced by accelerated electrons colliding with tungsten anode and projected at body part  Calcium in bones and added contrasts of barium or iodine absorb x-rays  Image receptor digital films reads black where x-rays penetrated through body  Electromagnetic radiation between Ultraviolet and Gamma rays  Produced by accelerated electrons colliding with tungsten anode and projected at body part  Calcium in bones and added contrasts of barium or iodine absorb x-rays  Image receptor digital films reads black where x-rays penetrated through body

MRI  Machine creates a magnetic field that aligns the magnetization of some atoms in the body and radio frequency fields further alter the alignment. Nuclei produce rotation magnetic field, which is detected by the scanner  Primarily used to examine soft tissue in body, brain, muscles, heart and cancers  No ionizing radiation

Ultrasound  Cyclic sound pressure with frequency greater than 20,000 hertz  Transducer sends and receives sound signals in medium  Used by bats for hunting  Cyclic sound pressure with frequency greater than 20,000 hertz  Transducer sends and receives sound signals in medium  Used by bats for hunting  Medical sonography used for soft tissue diagnosis, fetuses, interventional procedures

CT Scan  X-ray Computed Tomography (CT)  Tomography-means imaging by sections from penetrating wave  X-ray source rotates helically about patient or specimen to create 3D image from sectioning  Useful for preventative medicine  X-ray Computed Tomography (CT)  Tomography-means imaging by sections from penetrating wave  X-ray source rotates helically about patient or specimen to create 3D image from sectioning  Useful for preventative medicine

PET Scan  Positron Emission Tomography  Positron - antielectron (positive electron)  System uses a tracer (positron- emitting radionuclide) to detect gamma rays emitted by the collision of these positrons with electrons  Fludeoxyglucose (sugar) is commonly used as tracer  Positron Emission Tomography  Positron - antielectron (positive electron)  System uses a tracer (positron- emitting radionuclide) to detect gamma rays emitted by the collision of these positrons with electrons  Fludeoxyglucose (sugar) is commonly used as tracer

Attenuate  Means to reduce or weaken  The higher the attenuation coefficient the greater the ability of the material to reduce or weaken the radiation beam  This can be done by scattering, absorption  What attenuates x-rays during medical procedures?

(0.025 eV)

Compare Different Materials  Cadmium ( Cd )  Lead ( Pb )  Plastic ( (CH 3 ) n )

Which will block the radiation? MaterialX-raysNeutrons Cadmium ( Cd ) Lead ( Pb ) Polyethylene ( (CH 3 ) n ) No Yes

neutrons Gamma rays (photons) Scintillation material (GdO 2 S)converts neutrons into gamma rays through neutron capture reactions Photocathode coverts photons to electrons through photoelectric effect electrons Video output Reactor Phosphorescent screen (similar to the one in your TV) converts electrons to visible light. Neutron Imaging System Neutron Imaging System “3.5 hours slide” courtesy of Danielle Hauck.5/17/2004- rev. 9/29/04 CCD D 2 O Tank

CODE Box Student Project to Demonstrate X-Ray/Neutron Radiography Was originally in cardboard shoe box, but was replaced by more durable aluminum.

C O D E Cadmium Lead

X-Ray Image

C O P S U D E Cadmium Lead Plastic

Neutron Radiograph

Lion’s Paw neutron video

Hydrogen Fuel Cell Imaging Fuel Cell research conducted at RSEC

Hydrogen Fuel Cell Imaging Water Calibration Wedge

Hydrogen Fuel Cell Imaging

Figure it out  Look at the next slide and see if you can figure out what will show up on x-rays

Cad Lead Plastic

X-Ray

Figure it out neutrons  Look at the picture again and figure out what you will see with neutrons.

Neutron Radiograph

Cad Lead Plastic

X-Ray

Neutron Radiograph

Cadmium Lead Plastic

X-Ray

Neutron Radiograph

Cad Lead Plastic

X-Ray

Neutron Radiograph

WSHI design project  Design a project using cadmium, lead and plastic that will look different with x-rays and neutrons  Table shows what material blocks the radiation  Design a project using cadmium, lead and plastic that will look different with x-rays and neutrons  Table shows what material blocks the radiation MaterialX-raysNeutrons CadmiumYes LeadYesNo PlasticNoYes

Resources  Images courtesy of WikiMedia Commons and Breazeale Nuclear Reactor  Hubbell, J. H. "NIST: X-Ray Mass Attenuation Coefficients." National Institute of Standards and Technology. Web. 17 Sept  Whaites, Eric; Roderick Cawson (2002). Essentials of Dental Radiography and Radiology. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. ﾊ 15 ﾐ 20. ISBN ﾊ X.Essentials of Dental Radiography and Radiology ISBN X  Special Thanks to: Joanna Kinney and Jeremiah Lynch for preparing this presentation at Penn State University, Radiation Science & Engineering Center  Images courtesy of WikiMedia Commons and Breazeale Nuclear Reactor  Hubbell, J. H. "NIST: X-Ray Mass Attenuation Coefficients." National Institute of Standards and Technology. Web. 17 Sept  Whaites, Eric; Roderick Cawson (2002). Essentials of Dental Radiography and Radiology. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. ﾊ 15 ﾐ 20. ISBN ﾊ X.Essentials of Dental Radiography and Radiology ISBN X  Special Thanks to: Joanna Kinney and Jeremiah Lynch for preparing this presentation at Penn State University, Radiation Science & Engineering Center