CHAPTER 19 The Goods Market in an Open Economy The Goods Market in an Open Economy CHAPTER 19 Prepared by: Fernando Quijano and Yvonn Quijano Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Macroeconomics, 5/e Olivier Blanchard

Chapter 19: The Goods Market in an Open Economy Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Macroeconomics, 5/e Olivier Blanchard “ 中国崛起 ” 成为 2012 年 美国总统选举第三轮辩 论的重要辩题。在辩论 中， 20 次提及 “ 中国 ” 。 罗姆尼：把中国列为 “ 汇率操纵国 ” 奥巴马 : 按规矩办事 问题： 汇率及其变动对国际贸易的影响；作用机制？

Chapter 19: The Goods Market in an Open Economy Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Macroeconomics, 5/e Olivier Blanchard 汇率是两种不同货币的交换 的比例 汇率主要有两种标价方法： – 直接标价法（世界上绝大 数国家采用） – 间接标价法（美国、英国 ） 思考题： 在不同的汇率标价法中，如何表示本币和外币 的升值或贬值？

Chapter 19: The Goods Market in an Open Economy Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Macroeconomics, 5/e Olivier Blanchard 4 of 33 Now we must be able to distinguish between the domestic demand for goods and the demand for domestic goods. Some domestic demand falls on foreign goods, and some of the demand for domestic goods comes from foreigners The IS Relation in an Open Economy

Chapter 19: The Goods Market in an Open Economy Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Macroeconomics, 5/e Olivier Blanchard 5 of 33 In an open economy, the demand for domestic goods is given by: The first three terms—consumption, C, investment, I, and government spending, G—constitute the domestic demand for goods. Until now, we have only looked at C + I + G. But now we have to make two adjustments:  First, we must subtract imports.  Second, we must add exports The IS Relation in an Open Economy The Demand for Domestic Goods 实际汇率为用国外商品数表示国内商品价格，如一个美国（本国）汉堡相当于 1.35 个中国汉堡。实际 汇率的倒数为国内商品数表示国外商品价格。如一个中国 ( 外国 ) 汉堡相当于 0.74 个美国汉堡。 右边第三项为美国（国内）产品表示的进口商品数。

Chapter 19: The Goods Market in an Open Economy Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Macroeconomics, 5/e Olivier Blanchard 6 of 33 Domestic Demand: The real exchange rate affects the composition of consumption and investment, but not the overall level of these aggregates The IS Relation in an Open Economy The Determinants of C, I, and G

Chapter 19: The Goods Market in an Open Economy Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Macroeconomics, 5/e Olivier Blanchard 7 of 33 A higher real exchange rate leads to higher imports, thus :  An increase in domestic income, Y, leads to an increase in imports.  An increase in the real exchange rate,, leads to an increase in imports, IM The IS Relation in an Open Economy The Determinants of Imports

Chapter 19: The Goods Market in an Open Economy Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Macroeconomics, 5/e Olivier Blanchard 8 of 33 Let Y* denote foreign income, thus for exports we write:  An increase in foreign income, Y*, leads to an increase in exports.  An increase in the real exchange rate,, leads to a decrease in exports The IS Relation in an Open Economy The Determinants of Exports

Chapter 19: The Goods Market in an Open Economy Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Macroeconomics, 5/e Olivier Blanchard 9 of The IS Relation in an Open Economy Putting the Components Together The domestic demand for goods is an increasing function of income (output). (Panel a) The demand for domestic goods is obtained by subtracting the value of imports from domestic demand, and then adding exports. (Panel b) The Demand for Domestic Goods and Net Exports Figure 19 – 1

Chapter 19: The Goods Market in an Open Economy Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Macroeconomics, 5/e Olivier Blanchard 10 of The IS Relation in an Open Economy Putting the Components Together The demand for domestic goods is obtained by subtracting the value of imports from domestic demand, and then adding exports. (Panel c) The trade balance is a decreasing function of output. (Panel d) The Demand for Domestic Goods and Net Exports Figure 19 – 1

Chapter 19: The Goods Market in an Open Economy Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Macroeconomics, 5/e Olivier Blanchard 11 of 33 We can establish two facts about line AA, which will be useful later in the chapter:  AA is flatter than DD. As income increases, the domestic demand for domestic goods increases less than total domestic demand.  As long as some of the additional demand falls on domestic goods, AA has a positive slope. Y TB is the value of output that corresponds to a trade balance The IS Relation in an Open Economy Putting the Components Together

Chapter 19: The Goods Market in an Open Economy Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Macroeconomics, 5/e Olivier Blanchard 12 of Equilibrium Output and the Trade Balance The goods market is in equilibrium when domestic output equals the demand – both domestic and foreign – for domestic goods: Collecting the relations we derived for the components of the demand for domestic goods, Z, we get:

Chapter 19: The Goods Market in an Open Economy Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Macroeconomics, 5/e Olivier Blanchard 13 of Equilibrium Output and the Trade Balance The goods market is in equilibrium when domestic output is equal to the demand for domestic goods. At the equilibrium level of output, the trade balance may show a deficit or a surplus. Equilibrium Output and Net Exports Figure 19 – 2

Chapter 19: The Goods Market in an Open Economy Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Macroeconomics, 5/e Olivier Blanchard 14 of Increases in Demand, Domestic or Foreign Increases in Domestic Demand An increase in government spending leads to an increase in output and to a trade deficit. The Effects of an Increase in Government Spending Figure 19 – 3

Chapter 19: The Goods Market in an Open Economy Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Macroeconomics, 5/e Olivier Blanchard 15 of 33 There are two important difference you should note between open and closed economies:  There is now an effect on the trade balance. The increase in output from Y to Y’ leads to a trade deficit equal to BC. Imports go up, and exports do not change.  Government spending on output is smaller than it would be in a closed economy. This means the multiplier is smaller in the open economy Increases in Demand, Domestic or Foreign Increases in Domestic Demand

Chapter 19: The Goods Market in an Open Economy Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Macroeconomics, 5/e Olivier Blanchard 16 of Increases in Demand, Domestic or Foreign Increases in Foreign Demand An increase in foreign demand leads to an increase in output and to a trade surplus. The Effects of an Increase in Foreign Demand Figure 19 – 4

Chapter 19: The Goods Market in an Open Economy Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Macroeconomics, 5/e Olivier Blanchard 17 of 33 The direct effect of the increase in foreign output is an increase in U.S. exports by some amount, which we shall denote by :  For a given level of output, this increase in exports leads to an increase in the demand for U.S. goods by, so the line shifts by from ZZ to ZZ’.  For a given level of output, net exports go up by. So the line showing net exports as a function of output in Panel (b) also shifts up by, from NX to NX ’ Increases in Demand, Domestic or Foreign Increases in Foreign Demand

Chapter 19: The Goods Market in an Open Economy Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Macroeconomics, 5/e Olivier Blanchard 18 of 33 We have derived two basic results so far:  An increase in domestic demand leads to an increase in domestic output, but leads also to a deterioration of the trade balance.  An increase in foreign demand leads to an increase in domestic output and an improvement in the trade balance Increases in Demand, Domestic or Foreign Fiscal Policy Revisited

Chapter 19: The Goods Market in an Open Economy Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Macroeconomics, 5/e Olivier Blanchard 19 of 33 The so-called G7 – the seven major countries of the world – meet regularly to discuss their economic situation; the communiqué at the end of the meeting rarely fails to mention coordination. The fact is that there is very limited macro- coordination among countries. Here’s why:  Some countries might have to do more than others and may not want to do so.  Countries have a strong incentive to promise to coordinate, and then not deliver on that promise Increases in Demand, Domestic or Foreign Fiscal Policy Revisited

Chapter 19: The Goods Market in an Open Economy Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Macroeconomics, 5/e Olivier Blanchard 20 of 33 Recall that the real exchange rate is given by : In words: The real exchange rate,, is equal to the nominal exchange rate, E, times the domestic price level, P, divided by the foreign price level, P* Depreciation, the Trade Balance, and Output

Chapter 19: The Goods Market in an Open Economy Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Macroeconomics, 5/e Olivier Blanchard 21 of 33 As the real exchange rate  enters the right side of the equation in three places, this makes it clear that the real depreciation affects the trade balance through three separate channels:  Exports, X, increase.  Imports, IM, decrease  The relative price of foreign goods in terms of domestic goods, 1/e, increases Depreciation, the Trade Balance, and Output Depreciation and the Trade Balance: The Marshall–Lerner Condition

Chapter 19: The Goods Market in an Open Economy Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Macroeconomics, 5/e Olivier Blanchard 22 of 33 The Marshall-Lerner condition is the condition under which a real depreciation (a decrease in  ) leads to an increase in net exports Depreciation, the Trade Balance, and Output Depreciation and the Trade Balance: The Marshall–Lerner Condition

Chapter 19: The Goods Market in an Open Economy Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Macroeconomics, 5/e Olivier Blanchard 23 of Depreciation, the Trade Balance, and Output The Effects of a Depreciation Let’s summarize: The depreciation leads to a shift in demand, both foreign and domestic, toward domestic goods. This shift in demand leads in turn to both an increase in domestic output and an improvement in the trade balance.

Chapter 19: The Goods Market in an Open Economy Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Macroeconomics, 5/e Olivier Blanchard 24 of Depreciation, the Trade Balance, and Output Combining Exchange Rate and Fiscal Policies To reduce the trade deficit without changing output, the government must both achieve a depreciation and decrease government spending. Reducing the Trade Deficit without Changing output Figure 19 – 5

Chapter 19: The Goods Market in an Open Economy Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Macroeconomics, 5/e Olivier Blanchard 25 of 33 Table 19-1 Exchange-Rate and Fiscal Policy Combinations Initial ConditionsTrade SurplusTrade Deficit Low output  ?G   G? High output  G?  ?G  If the government wants to eliminate the trade deficit without changing output, it must do two things:  It must achieve a depreciation sufficient to eliminate the trade deficit at the initial level of output.  The government must reduce government spending Depreciation, the Trade Balance, and Output Combining Exchange Rate and Fiscal Policies

Chapter 19: The Goods Market in an Open Economy Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Macroeconomics, 5/e Olivier Blanchard 26 of 33 A depreciation may lead to an initial deterioration of the trade balance;  decreases, but neither X nor IM adjusts very much initially, leading to a decline in net exports(X-IM/epsilon) Eventually, exports and imports respond, and depreciation leads to an improvement of the trade balance Looking at Dynamics: The J-Curve

Chapter 19: The Goods Market in an Open Economy Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Macroeconomics, 5/e Olivier Blanchard 27 of Looking at Dynamics: The J-Curve A real depreciation leads initially to a deterioration and then to an improvement of the trade balance. The J-Curve Figure 19 – 6

Chapter 19: The Goods Market in an Open Economy Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Macroeconomics, 5/e Olivier Blanchard 28 of Looking at Dynamics: The J-Curve The real appreciation and depreciation of the dollar in the 1980s were reflected in increasing and then decreasing trade deficits. There were, however, substantial lags in the effects of the real exchange rate on the trade balance. The Real Exchange Rate and the Ratio of the Trade Deficit to GDP: United States, 1980 to 1990 Figure 19 – 7

Chapter 19: The Goods Market in an Open Economy Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Macroeconomics, 5/e Olivier Blanchard 29 of Looking at Dynamics: The J-Curve Figure 19-7 plots the U.S. trade deficit against the U.S. real exchange rate in the 1980s. Turning to the trade deficit, which is expressed as a ratio to GDP, two facts are clear: 1.Movements in the real exchange rate were reflected in parallel movements in net exports. 2.There were substantial lags in the response of the trade balance to changes in the real exchange rate.

Chapter 19: The Goods Market in an Open Economy Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Macroeconomics, 5/e Olivier Blanchard 30 of 33 The alternative way of looking at equilibrium from the condition that investment equals saving has an important meaning: 19-6 Saving, Investment, and the Trade Balance Subtract C + T from both sides and use the fact that private saving is given by S = Y – C – T to get Use the definition of net exports,, and reorganize, to get:

Chapter 19: The Goods Market in an Open Economy Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Macroeconomics, 5/e Olivier Blanchard 31 of 33 From the equation above, we conclude:  An increase in investment must be reflected in either an increase in private saving or public saving, or in a deterioration of the trade balance.  An increase in the budget deficit must be reflected in an increase in either private saving, or a decrease in investment, or a deterioration of the trade balance.  A country with a high saving rate must have either a high investment rate or a large trade surplus Saving, Investment, and the Trade Balance

Chapter 19: The Goods Market in an Open Economy Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Macroeconomics, 5/e Olivier Blanchard 32 of 33 The U.S. Trade Deficit: Origins and Implications Table 1Average Annual Growth Rates in the United States, the European Union, and Japan since 1991 (percent per year) 1991 to to to 2003 United States European Union Japan

Chapter 19: The Goods Market in an Open Economy Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Macroeconomics, 5/e Olivier Blanchard 33 of 33 The U.S. Trade Deficit: Origins and Implications Figure 1 U.S. Net Saving and Net Investment since 1996 (percent of GDP)

Chapter 19: The Goods Market in an Open Economy Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Macroeconomics, 5/e Olivier Blanchard 34 of 33 The U.S. Trade Deficit: Origins and Implications  The U.S. trade and current account deficits will decline in the future.  This decline is unlikely to happen without a real depreciation.  Most likely, this depreciation will take place when foreign investors become reluctant to lend to the United States at the rate of $800 billion or so per year. What Happens Next? There are three implications :

Chapter 19: The Goods Market in an Open Economy Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Macroeconomics, 5/e Olivier Blanchard 35 of 33 Key Terms  demand for domestic goods  domestic demand for goods  coordination, G-7  Marshall-Lerner condition  J-curve