12.1 DNA: The Genetic Material  WHAT YOU WILL LEARN -experiments leading to discovery of genetic material being DNA -basic structure/function of DNA -structure of a eukaryotic chromosome

READING Q’s CONTRAST 2 ways that rough bacteria differ from smooth bacteria R=ROUGHS=SMOOTH -smooth appearance-rough appearance -causes pneumonia-NOT cause pneumonia -sugar coated-NO coating

READING Q’s LABEL -Write the name of each strand of bacteria in each experiment S -disease causing R -NOT disease causing S R S

READING Q’s STATE: -What Avery found from the experiment. -DNA could change R strain to S strain

READING Q’s IDENTIFY -What two molecules make up a bacteriophage -PROTEIN -DNA

READING Q’s IDENTIFY -Is the nucleotide in the picture DNA or RNA? -  DNA

READING Q’s

IDENTIFY -What technique did Franklin use to take a picture of DNA? -X RAY DIFFRACTION

READING Q’s IDENTIFY -How the DNA bases pair CYTOSINE --____________________ THYMINE--____________________ GUANINE ADENINE

READING Q’s DEFINE -What is a nucleosome made of? -DNA -HISTONE PROTEINS

DNA EXTRACTION LAB 1-READ BACKGROUND INFO -HIGHLIGHT important info -ANSWER Qs - MRS. S 2-LAB -FOLLOW PROCEDURE -CLEAN-UP 3-LAB Qs -DISCUSS/ANSWER - MRS. S 4-COMPLETE APPLICATION NOTES w/lab partners

DNA EXTRACTION LAB

PRE-LAB: 1-How much flax seed? _________ 2-Water temp? _________ 3-Lysis solution? __________ 4-Bubbles/foam? __________ 5-Purpose of tilting beaker? ___________ 6-Let beaker stand? ___________ 7-Identify DNA? _____________ 1 tsp HOT 5 drops remove w/paper towel keep layers from separating 2+ minutes white/stringy—looks like snot!

DNA EXTRACTION LAB ANALYSIS: 1- Purpose of lysis? _________ 2- DNA code of life? _________ 3- DNA made of? __________ 4- 10% of cell? __________ 5- Add alcohol? ___________ 8- 2 VARIABLES: free DNA -lysis solution—type/amount -source of DNA -temp of water –OR- alcohol - -carries info for living things -nucleotides: P-group/sugar/nitrogen bases -C / H / O / P / N -tightly wound so compact DNA less soluble in alcohol

GROUP WORK: APPLICATION NOTES -As a cooperative group: -complete the application note sheet -using your knowledge from the reading

12.1 DNA: The Genetic Material  MAIN IDEA -The discovery that DNA is the genetic code involved many experiments.

 VOCABULARY REVIEW: nucleic acid - biomolecule/stores cellular info in form of a code

 DISCOVERY OF GENETIC MATERIAL COMPLETE: -transforming factor: change rough bacteria into smooth -IDENTIFIED DNA as transforming factor -PROVED DNA was genetic material in a virus -discover of DNA as double helix

 DISCOVERY OF GENETIC MATERIAL COMPLETE: Rosalind Franklin: -used X-ray diffraction to take an image of DNA—catalyst to discovering the structure of DNA -famous “photo 51” 1951

 DNA STRUCTURE LABEL: the diagrams of DNA nucleotides and bases. phosphate sugar purine guanine pyrimidine cytosine

 DNA STRUCTURE CREATE: memory device for pairing nitrogenous bases *CHARGAFF’S RULE TA G C

 DNA STRUCTURE ANALYZE/SKETCH: how each word applies to DNA molecule -nitrogenous bases PAIRED on inside of molecule -something TWISTED into a COIL -DNA made of 2 STRANDS twisted into coil

 DNA STRUCTURE ORGANIZE characteristics of NUCLEOTIDES SUGARPHOSPHATE GROUP NITROGENOUS BASE DEOXYRIBOSE RIBOSE cytosine-guanine adenine-thymine cytosine-guanine adenine-URACIL

 DNA STRUCTURE COMPLETE each statement -____________________, guanine, cytosine, and thymine are the four ____________________ in DNA. -In DNA, ____________________ always forms hydrogen bonds with guanine. -The sequence of ____________________ carries the genetic information of an organism. -Chargaff's data states that the number of ____________________ bases = the number of pyrimidine bases in DNA. -The twisted ladder shape of DNA is called a ____________________. adenine nitrogen bases cytosine nucleotides purine double helix

 DNA STRUCTURE COMPLETE each statement cont… -DNA is the ____________________ of all organisms. -The pyrimidine bases have a ____________________ structure. -The purine bases have a ____________________ structure. -DNA and RNA are the two ____________________ found in all living cells. -DNA supercoils to make up the structure known as a ____________________. genetic material single-ring double-ring nucleic acids chromosome

 CHROMOSOME STRUCTURE SYNTHESIZE/REPHRASE How a strand of DNA that is 200 million bases long can fit inside a cell -a long strand of DNA is COILED around a beadlike group of HISTONE PROTEINS to FORM a NUCLEOSOME -the NUCLEOSOMES GROUP together in fibers, then SUPERCOIL into a CHROMOSOME

 REVIEW 1- What are the basic building block of DNA and RNA  nucleotides 2- If a section of DNA has 27% thymine, how much cytosine will it have?  23% THYMINE =27% ADENINE= 27% Total 54% = 46% divided by2=23%