BEGINNING IN THE LATE 1400S EARLY EXPLORATION

Portugal’s Advances

FACTORS ENCOURAGING EUROPEAN EXPLORATION Factors: Europeans Seek Greater Wealth Trade spices and other luxury goods from Asia Italian merchants controlled the land routes to Asia, so other Europeans had to find a sea route The Spread of Christianity Felt they had a duty to convert no-Christians throughout the world Technological Advances Made exploration possible Caravel – could sail against the wind and was sturdier Astrolabe – using rings to sight the stars, a sea captain could tell how far north or south of the equator he was

PORTUGAL LEADS THE WAY Prince Henry Determined to reach the wealth of the east, so in 1419, Henry found a navigation school By the time Henry died, Portuguese traders had moved down the western coast of Africa

GETTING AROUND AFRICA In 1488, Portuguese captain Bartolomeu Dias ventured down the coast of Africa until he reached the tip But the captain returned home In 1498, Vasco da Gama reached the port of Calicut, India First direct sea rout to India

Spain’s Envy

SPAIN ENVIOUS Spain watched Portugal with envy In 1492, an Italian sea captain, Christopher Columbus, convinced Spain to fund a route to Asia by sailing west across the Atlantic Ocean

Columbus ’ s Voyage Arrived on Hispaniola on October 12, 1492 Called the inhabitants los indios Translates to Indians In early 1493, Columbus returned to Spain Recounted his tale to the Spanish monarchs Spain funded three more journeys Intended to transform the islands of the Caribbean to colonies Colonies – lands that are controlled by another nation

TREATY OF TORDESILLAS Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494 A north to south line that split the world so that Spain would not encroach on Portugal ’ s land Gave most of the Americas, except for Brazil, to Spain

SPAIN BUILDS AN EMPIRE In 1519, Hernando Cortes landed on the shores of Mexico Known as a conquistador, or conqueror Cortes learned of the vast and wealthy Aztec Empire Montezuma II believed Cortes to be an armor-clad god In 1521, the Spaniards finally conquered the Aztecs and toppled their empire.

PIZARRO CONQUERS THE INCAS In 1532, Francisco Pizarro marched into South America Pizarro and 200 men met Atahualpa who commanded a force of 30,000 Crushed the Inca force and captured Atahualpa Pizarro received a ransom for Atahualpa and then killed him Pizarro finally attacked the capital of Cuzco and defeated the Inca Empire

Spain ’ s Pattern of Conquest Marriage between Spanish settlers and native women was common Created a large mestizo population Forced the Native Americans to labor within a system known as encomienda Natives farmed, ranched, or mined for Spanish landlords

BARTOLOME DE LAS CASAS “ There is nothing more detestable or cruel than the tyranny which the Spaniards use toward the Indians for the getting of [riches]. ” Bartolome Las Casas Las Casas pushed for the use of Africans Something that would become more prevalent

FRENCH, ENGLISH, AND DUTCH CLAIMS

EARLY FRENCH EXPLORERS In 1534, Jacques Cartier sailed down the river the St. Lawrence and founded Montreal In 1608, Samuel de Champlain sailed the same rived and founded Quebec Created New France France ’ s colonial empire in North America

THE LUCRATIVE FUR TRADE In 1672 Sieur de La Salle sailed down the river Mississippi River and claimed in for France by calling the area Louisiana Helped spur New France ’ s main economic activity The fur trade

ENGLISH SETTLE JAMESTOWN In 1607, settlers reached the coast of Virginia and created the settlement Jamestown Settlers were first more interested in finding gold than planting crops Jamestown ’ s Importance Jamestown would soon become England ’ s first permanent settlement in North America Main cash crop would become tobacco

JAMESTOWN SKETCH

PURITANS SAIL FOR THE AMERICAS In 1620, the Pilgrims founded a second English colony, Plymouth, in Massachusetts

THE DUTCH AND NEW NETHERLAND In 1609 Henry Hudson explored the Hudson River, the Hudson Bay, and the Hudson Strait Created New Netherland The Dutch holdings in North America

ENGLISH PUSH FOR DOMINANCE

THE ENGLISH OUST THE DUTCH Problem: New Netherland separated England ’ s north and south colonies Solution: In 1664, Charles II told his brother the Duke of York to drive out the Dutch He renamed it New York

ENGLAND BATTLES FRANCE Problem: England pushed west on the continent of North America and collided with France ’ s North American holdings Solution: French and Indian War A conflict that began in 1754 over the Ohio Valley and was fought between the British and the French on the North American continent French ended up giving the British most of their North American holdings