Cells are the basic units of life Two basic types of Cells Two basic types of Cells Prokaryotes Prokaryotes Lacks internal structure Lacks internal structure Surrounded by a membrane Surrounded by a membrane Most of these cells are singled celled organisms Most of these cells are singled celled organisms Eukaryotes Eukaryotes Has internal structure Has internal structure Membranes surround internal structures as well as the cell as a whole Membranes surround internal structures as well as the cell as a whole Contains a nucleus Contains a nucleus

Cell Organelles Cells have structures equivalent to organs in our body, called organelles Cells have structures equivalent to organs in our body, called organelles Each of these organelles has a specific structure and function Each of these organelles has a specific structure and function Each of these organelles are surrounded by a membrane, isolating it from the rest of the cell Each of these organelles are surrounded by a membrane, isolating it from the rest of the cell

Animal Cell

Plant Cell

Organelle Functions Boundaries Boundaries Control Control Assembly Assembly Transport Transport Storage Storage Energy Transformation Energy Transformation

Boundaries All cells have boundaries which allow material to enter or exit All cells have boundaries which allow material to enter or exit Two main types Two main types Plasma Membrane (Cell Membranes) Plasma Membrane (Cell Membranes) Cell Walls- mostly found on plant cells Cell Walls- mostly found on plant cells

Plasma Membranes Divide interior of a cell from its external environment very flexible- allows cells to vary in shape. Divide interior of a cell from its external environment very flexible- allows cells to vary in shape. Control the movement of materials that enter and exit the cell Control the movement of materials that enter and exit the cell Allows useful materials in (O 2, nutrient) and waste materials and excess water out Allows useful materials in (O 2, nutrient) and waste materials and excess water out Materials may move directly through the membrane, others need passageways in order to move through Materials may move directly through the membrane, others need passageways in order to move through Help maintain a chemical balance in the cell Help maintain a chemical balance in the cell

Cell Wall An additional boundary found outside of the plasma membrane An additional boundary found outside of the plasma membrane Not found in all cells Not found in all cells Found in plants, fungi, most bacteria and some protists Found in plants, fungi, most bacteria and some protists Not found in animals Not found in animals Not nearly as flexible as c.m. Not nearly as flexible as c.m. What is made of depends on the organism What is made of depends on the organism Provides protection and support for the cell Provides protection and support for the cell

Control of Cell Function The nucleus of the cell manages all the cell functions within the cell The nucleus of the cell manages all the cell functions within the cell Surrounded by its own double membrane- Nuclear Envelope Surrounded by its own double membrane- Nuclear Envelope The nuclear envelope has large pores, so material can move in and out of the nucleus to the rest of the cell. The nuclear envelope has large pores, so material can move in and out of the nucleus to the rest of the cell. The genetic code (DNA) is house in the Nucleus in the form of chromatin (long strands of DNA) The genetic code (DNA) is house in the Nucleus in the form of chromatin (long strands of DNA) The nucleolus is the center of the Nucleus that produces Ribosomes The nucleolus is the center of the Nucleus that produces Ribosomes

Assembly A major function of most cells is to make proteins and other materials A major function of most cells is to make proteins and other materials Most of the assembly takes place within the fluid inside the cell and outside of the nucleus called the cytoplasm Most of the assembly takes place within the fluid inside the cell and outside of the nucleus called the cytoplasm Cytoplasm is a clear fluid the makes up about half the volume of a typical animal cell and give the cell its shape Cytoplasm is a clear fluid the makes up about half the volume of a typical animal cell and give the cell its shape Enzymes and other proteins are assembled on the ribosomes that were made in the nucleolus and shipped out through the pores of the nuclear envelope Enzymes and other proteins are assembled on the ribosomes that were made in the nucleolus and shipped out through the pores of the nuclear envelope Ribosomes are an organelle even though they don’t have a membrane surrounding them Ribosomes are an organelle even though they don’t have a membrane surrounding them

Assembly and Transportation: Endoplasmic Reticulum Folded system of membranes found in the cytoplasm that connect the nuclear membrane to the cell membrane. Folded system of membranes found in the cytoplasm that connect the nuclear membrane to the cell membrane. Involved in the assembly of proteins and lipids Involved in the assembly of proteins and lipids Considered to the delivery system of the cell Considered to the delivery system of the cell Two types of Endoplasmic Reticulum Two types of Endoplasmic Reticulum Smooth ER: no ribosomes- not involved in protein synthesis Smooth ER: no ribosomes- not involved in protein synthesis Rough ER: covered with ribosomes- play a role in protein synthesis. Rough ER: covered with ribosomes- play a role in protein synthesis.

Storage 3 main types of storage in the cell 3 main types of storage in the cell Golgi Apparatus Golgi Apparatus Vacuoles Vacuoles Lysosomes Lysosomes Store extra materials needed for the cell Store extra materials needed for the cell

Golgi Apparatus Closely stacked, flattened membrane sacs (pancakes) Closely stacked, flattened membrane sacs (pancakes) Newly made proteins and lipids from the ER are sent here Newly made proteins and lipids from the ER are sent here Sent to the Golgi Apparatus in small, membrane- bound packages called vesicles that were pinched off in the ER Sent to the Golgi Apparatus in small, membrane- bound packages called vesicles that were pinched off in the ER Vesicles are distributed to the cell membrane and other cell organelles, sent outside of the cell, or stored for later use. Vesicles are distributed to the cell membrane and other cell organelles, sent outside of the cell, or stored for later use.

Vacuoles Sac of fluid surrounded by a membrane. Sac of fluid surrounded by a membrane. Temporarily stores food, enzymes, and other materials needed by the cell or waste products such as excess water that will be expelled. Temporarily stores food, enzymes, and other materials needed by the cell or waste products such as excess water that will be expelled. Plant cells will have a large central vacuole Plant cells will have a large central vacuole Takes up much of a plant cell’s volume Takes up much of a plant cell’s volume Can store ions, nutrients, wastes, and water Can store ions, nutrients, wastes, and water

Lysosomes Organelles that contain digestive enzymes Organelles that contain digestive enzymes Lyse= break apart Lyse= break apart Responsible for breaking down excess or worn out cell parts, food particles, and invading bacteria or viruses Responsible for breaking down excess or worn out cell parts, food particles, and invading bacteria or viruses The membrane surrounding lysomes keeps keeps these dangerous enzymes inside the lysosome The membrane surrounding lysomes keeps keeps these dangerous enzymes inside the lysosome

Energy Transformers Cells require energy to carry out functions. Cells require energy to carry out functions. Mitochondria are membrane-bound organelles that transform energy for the cell Mitochondria are membrane-bound organelles that transform energy for the cell Break down food molecules and release energy Break down food molecules and release energy Energy is stored in other molecules that can power cell reactions Energy is stored in other molecules that can power cell reactions

Currency Exchange Food you eat (Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins) as currency Food you eat (Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins) as currency Not all parts of your body are able to accept the same type of energy Not all parts of your body are able to accept the same type of energy The common energy type is ATP The common energy type is ATP Carbohydrate, lipids, and proteins and it is traded for ATP which can be used by all of your body’s cells Carbohydrate, lipids, and proteins and it is traded for ATP which can be used by all of your body’s cells There will be a loss of energy for this conversions There will be a loss of energy for this conversions

Mitochondria Has double membrane surrounding it Has double membrane surrounding it Outer membrane Outer membrane Inner membrane Inner membrane Highly folded that increases surface area Highly folded that increases surface area Location of the production of energy storage molecule- Cellular Respiration Location of the production of energy storage molecule- Cellular Respiration Located in Plant and Animal Cells Located in Plant and Animal Cells

Chloroplast Plants can’t eat. So they make their own food Photosynthesis Using sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to make food (sugars) and oxygen