Cartographers must: 1. select the objects to be shown 2. evaluate their relative importance 3. find some way to simplify their form. Cartographers are limited by: 1. the purpose of the map 2. its scale 3. the methods to produce it 4. the accuracy of the data.

 Aesthetics vs. conformality or equivalence  Political considerations (size vs. importance)  Website to discuss maps, mapmaking or related topics such as GIS, remote sensing and photogrammetry:

Small Scale Large Scale

a) Scale b) Density c) Region d) Resolution e) Projection d) Resolution - generally large-scale maps have a great resolution.

 Mapping cycling rides around Toronto 2004 to 2009 using GPS  TTC Weekday Movement  Ork Posters

 Information to be mapped is shown in a summary form e.g. USA elections Gore Bush McCain Obama 2000 Election Results 2008 Election Results Presidential elections by county and by state

Reference Maps CIA World Factbook: world-factbook/docs/refmaps.htmlhttps:// world-factbook/docs/refmaps.html Choropleth Maps (shading, colouring or placement of symbols) Isoline Maps (uses lines) Proportional Symbol Maps Dot Maps Mental Maps

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u/355/Journey_to_Work.jpg

 Connect points of equal atmospheric pressure s.com/images/isobar.gif

al.frostburg.e du/kebachtel 0/square%20 map.jpg

AP exam Free Response Question based on a Cartogram: Shown above is a special type of graphic used by geographers. 1. Identify the type of graphic by name. 2. What qualities does it have that qualify it as a graph? 3. What qualities would qualify it as a map?

 United Kingdom Department for communities and local government. s/images/Statistical%20Maps%20- %20Best%20Practice%20v5_tcm pdf s/images/Statistical%20Maps%20- %20Best%20Practice%20v5_tcm pdf