RECONSTRUCTION PERIOD

LINCOLN’S PLAN Proclamation of Amnesty & Reconstruction –white males regain rights by taking oath 10% plan –After 10% of voters take oath –Form state governments & constitutions-no slavery Northerners thought too mild –Didn’t hold south responsible –Wade-Davis Bill Pocket veto by Lincoln

LINCOLN’S PLAN 13 TH Amendment –No slavery –Freed 4 million Freedmen’s Bureau –Early welfare agency –Gave food, shelter, and medical aid to freed slaves and homeless whites –Resettle former slaves on land confiscated from Confederate leaders

LINCOLN’S ASSASSINATION Last Speech –April 13 th, 1865 –Mentioned that African-Americans should be able to vote April 14 th, 1865 Ford’s Theater John Wilkes Booth Conspiracy Shot and Killed by federal troops

JOHNSON’S PLAN Andrew Johnson, new president –Had been a southern democrat Took over Lincoln’s plan –Disfranchisement of Confederate leaders with a pardon clause –Took out resettlement clause of freedmen’s bureau By 1865-new state governments throughout the south –all 11 states had new state constitutions that ratified the 13 th Amendment, but no voting rights for former slaves

Southern whites limit ex- slaves Black codes –year work contracts –white employers whip black workers –speech & travel limited –denied right to vote –unemployed blacks in jail –prevented from testifying against whites in court Two years=5,000 blacks murdered

Southern whites limit ex- slaves Secret organization-Ku Klux Klan –white supremacy –use violence & threats to keep from voting “Spirits of the Confederate Dead” –blacks were tarred and feathered, beaten, lynched, burned out of homes.

ELECTION OF 1866 Midterm election Anti-Johnson –vetoes “Waving the Bloody Shirt” Republicans win 2/3 majority in both the House and Senate

Congress takes control of Reconstruction Republicans thought Johnson’s plan had failed-”Radicals” Give blacks right to vote to control governments Charles Sumner & Thaddeus Stevens were leaders Civil Rights Act of 1866 –Gave citizenship to all African-Americans

Congress takes control of Reconstruction 14th Amendment (1866) –Citizenship, equal protection of law, due process of law –Kept former Confederate leaders from holding office –Penalized any state that kept eligible people from voting –President Johnson and Southern supporters opposed

Congress takes control of Reconstruction Congress passes Reconstruction Act –States under Johnson’ s plan are no more –divided into 5 military districts with a major general in charge –Federal troops enforce Acts

Congress takes control of Reconstruction Reconstruction Acts –Requirements to be a state Constitution give all men right to vote voters elect a governor & legislature ratify 14th Amendment 30% plan President Johnson vetoes the Acts, but it is re- passed when 2/3rds of both houses approve the acts.

REMOVAL OF PRESIDENT JOHNSON Tenure of Office Act –said President couldn’t remove a Cabinet member without Senate approval –President removes Secretary of War because he is “Radical” House impeached President Senate fell one vote short of removing him from office

ELECTION OF 1868 Republican candidate-U.S. Grant Democratic candidate-Horatio Seymour Grant wins with no political experience and with the help of 500,000 black southern votes Allows Congress to continue with their reconstruction plans

CONGRESS IN CHARGE OF RECONSTRUCTION All states rejoined union by th Amendment approved(1869)-all men the right to vote

THREE GROUPS IN SOUTH Gave Republicans control –Blacks=Southern Republicans –Carpetbaggers-Northerners who took advantage of South bought land and businesses –Scalawags-Southern whites who sided with Northerners

Southern whites refuse to support Reconstruction 14th Amendment kept from holding political office land taken away because of taxes Carpetbaggers & Scalawags took money for political favors Couldn’t accept idea of blacks voting and holding office many attacked blacks and white supporters.

RECONSTRUCTION ENDS Republican party loses power. Democrats defeat Republicans in the south between Use of violence kept blacks away from polls Federal troops withdraw because Northerners losing interest

RECONSTRUCTION ENDS Election of 1877 –Republican Rutherford B. Hayes –Democrat Samuel Tilden –Compromise of 1877 President Hayes orders Federal troops out of South in 1877

ACHIEVEMENTS States were readmitted to Union Public Schools established Industry and railroads built African-Americans hold political office –Hiram Revels; first African-American Senator Takes over the seat formerly held by Jefferson Davis 14th & 15th Amendments established=civil rights movement

FAILURES Former slaves couldn’t afford land & worked for cotton planters Slow to expand economy= poorest section of country White held power, blacks lost rights

Blacks prevented from voting Poll taxes-pay to vote Grandfather clause- only vote if grandfather voted Literacy tests-take test to vote

THE FUTURE Jim Crow laws-”separate, but equal” segregation of races –Plessy v. Ferguson “Solid South”-until 1960’s the South will only vote for Democrats, not Republicans