Industrial Revolution in Pictures From Animal to Machine Power

How long can men thrive between walls of brick, walking on asphalt pavements, breathing the fumes of coal and of oil, growing, working, dying, with hardly a thought of wind, and sky, and fields of grain, seeing only machine-made beauty, the mineral-like quality of life? - Charles Lindbergh

Key beliefs emanate from the Dec. Rights of Man and Citizen

All of liberalism, but an expansion of suffrage.

Jeremy Bentham-government actions should be for the greatest good for the greatest number of people.

Utopian Socialism Scientific Socialism

Realpolitik Class war to achieve the workers state.

Before=loyalty to crownAfter=loyalty to the state. Nationalism cultural to political nationalism

Keys: Most fail outside of France. Belgium created. Conservative order maintained. No Revolt in Britain. Why?

The Concert of Europe is finally broken Down with the Crimean War Breakdown of the Conservative Alliance leads to a series of wars in the mid century. Wars for national unificaiton.

Cavour-strengthen Sardinia thru Italian naitonalism.

Strengthen Prussia. “Iron and Blood.”

Meanwhile… Nationalism begins to rip apart the old empires of Central and East Europe. Dual Monarchy created in Russification also seen to control minorities in Russia. Pogroms

The Balance of Power was preserved after the creation of Germany through the use of skillful diplomacy and alliances. By 1907, Europe was divided into two armed camps. Triple Alliance in Red. Triple Entente in Blue/purple.

Great Britain middle class/entrepreneurs gain suffrage-Reform Bill 1832 key, 2 nd Reform Bill 1867 leads to increased suffrage and eventually the repeal of the Corn Laws in key as Britain abandones economic tariffs and becomes dependent on imports for food. Competition between Whigs/Tories, then Liberals vs. Conservatives. many reforms throughout rest of century Victorian Era going on until Germany To gain support of workers for the new Germany, Bismarck introduces social legislation aimed at protecting basic security/health issues. People vote for lower house, but king retains all key powers. Rise of the Social Democrats in Ger. France 3 rd Republic after fall of Napoleon III Very unstable, many coalition governments with weak executive. Intrigues-Boulanger Affair, Dreyfus Affair, but republican institutions cemented in France. Many states embrace social legislation/tariffs.

Why? Markets baby, and raw materials under the disguise of religion and civilization. Effect? Intense competition between states, rivalries, arms race (GB vs. Ger.)

Inner Zone vs. Outer Zone

Key economic changes after 1850 Expansion of the industrial revolution to France, Germany. –gold standard. Cities, mass politics, nationalism, literacy. Corporations (trusts/cartels) grow and then have to be regulated. Expansion of social welfare state. New time saving, communication, building inventions fuel growth. Increasing population in Europe, despite middle class having fewer children. France first, then spreading to the rest of European society. remember invisible exports and favorable balance of trade allow Britain to finance imports.