Enrollment No.Name Ketan Laiya Vipul Vasava Prepared by: Guided by Prof. M.J.Zinzuvadia

Index Introduction Components of Hydro Power Plant Classification Advantages and Disadvantages Impact of jet force exerted on stationary flat plate normal to jet force exerted on stationary inclined plate to jet

Introduction In nature, a flowing stream of water dissipates throughout the length of the watercourse and is of little use for power generation. Electricity from water is usually referred to as Hydro-Power, where the term ‘hydro’ is the Greek word for water and hydropower is the energy contained in water. It can be converted in the form of electricity through hydroelectric power plants. To make the flowing water do work usefully for some purpose like power generation (it has been used to drive water wheels to grind grains at many hilly regions for years), it is necessary to create a head at a point of the stream and to convey the water through the head to the turbines which will transform the energy of the water into mechanical energy to be further converted to electrical energy by generators.

(1) Dam Dams are structures built over rivers to stop the water flow and form a reservoir. The dams collect water during the rainy season and stores it, thus allowing for a steady flow through the turbines. The dams should be water- tight and should be able to withstand the pressure exerted by the water on it. The height of water in the dam is called head race. (2) Spillway A spillway is a way for spilling of water from dams. It is used to provide for the release of flood water from a dam. It is used to prevent over toping of the dams which could result in damage or failure of dams. The uncontrolled spillways start releasing water upon water rising above a particular level. But in case of the controlled type, regulation of flow is possible. (3) Penstock and Tunnel Penstocks are pipes which carry water from the reservoir to the turbines inside power station. They are usually made of steel and are equipped with gate systems. Water under high pressure flows through the penstock. It is used when an obstruction is present between the dam and power station such as a mountain. Components of Hydro power plant

(4) Surge Tank Surge tanks are tanks connected to the water conductor system. It serves the purpose of reducing water hammering in pipes which can cause damage to pipes. The sudden surges of water in penstock is taken by the surge tank, and when the water requirements increase, it supplies the collected water thereby regulating water flow and pressure inside the penstock. (5) Power Station Power station contains a turbine coupled to a generator (see the cross section of a power house on the left). The water brought to the power station rotates the vanes of the turbine producing torque and rotation of turbine shaft. This rotational torque is transferred to the generator and is converted into electricity. The used water is released through the tail race. The difference between head race and tail race is called gross head and by subtracting the frictional losses we get the net head available to the turbine for generation of electricity.

Typical components of a hydroelectric plant consist of the following: 1. Structure for water storage and/or diversion, like a dam or a barrage. 2. A head-race water conveying system like a conduit (penstock) or an open channel to transport water from the reservoir or head-water pool up to the turbines. 3. Turbines, coupled to generators 4. A tail race flow discharging conduit of open channel that conveys the water out of the turbine up to the river.

(a) (b )

Classification of hydro power plants : Run of river without storage Run of river with storage suitable to balance diurnal variation in power generation Pump Storage plant Tidal power development plant  According to height :  Low head <30m  Medium head 30m to 300m  High head >300m

 According to their operating functions as follows: 1. Base load power plant: A power station operating continuously at a constant or nearly constant power and which operates at relating high load factors. It caters to power demand at base of the load curve. 2. Peak load power plant: A power station that is primarily designed for the purpose of operating to supply the peak load of a power system. This type of power station is also, therefore, termed as ‘Peaking station’.  According to plant capacity hydropower plants can also be classified as: 1. Midget plant: up to 100KW 2. Low-capacity plant up to 1,000KW 3. Medium capacity plant up to 10,000KW 4. High capacity plant > 10,000KW

Advantages No fuel require Reliable Maintenance and operation cost low Running cost low Long life No smoke produce Disadvantage High initial cost Long time for erection Hilly location so long transmission lines requires Power generation due to required water available

Force excreted on stationary normal plate Impact of jet: A fluid jet is a stream of fluid issuing from a nozzle with a high a high velocity and hence a high kinetic energy.

Force exerted on a stationary flat plate held inclined to jet

Reference :IIT lecture-Hydro electric poweplant THANK YOU