The Age of Exploration OCTOBER 13, 2015

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS  How and why did Europeans engage in overseas exploration and colonization?  What impact did these encounters have on both Europe and the colonized?  ACTION STATEMENT:  I will analyze the causes and agents of change that led to overseas exploration and create a flow chart explaining the interrelatedness of those causes to one another.

BELLRINGER  As a class, read the ‘Age of Exploration’ handout out loud.  In your notes, create a chart that compares England, France, Spain, and Portugal’s efforts to colonize the New World.  Fill out the column for Portugal  Time: 10 minutes

ACTIVITY  Read the handout ‘Western Europe on the Eve of Exploration’

ESSENTIAL QUESTION  How and why did Europeans engage in overseas exploration and colonization?  What impact did these encounters have on both Europe and the colonized?  ACTION STATEMENT:  I will read a historiographical essay comparing traditional views of European exceptionalism with more recent arguments which account for colonization and the discovery of coal as the two most important factors explaining the West’s rise to dominance.

BELLRINGER/ACTIVITY  Read Dr. Stokes’ historiographical essay entitled ‘Why the West?’  As you read, fill out your ‘Historiography’ handout  Remember: Historiography is the study of the writing of history…in short, what scholars have said about a particular subject over several years, even decades

European Expansion The Portuguese were the first to begin a series of explorations. Spices Silk Cotton Caravels - a small, highly maneuverable sailing ship developed in the 15th century by the Portuguese Beginning of the slave trade Slaves were able to work in intense heat 1,000 a year being imported into Portugal

Christopher Columbus Born 1451 in the republic of Genoa, Italy Concluded that a western track would be shorter and less expensive than the path the Portuguese were taking Sailed westward on October 12, 1492.

Exploration by Spain Hernando Cortes Sailed from Hispaniola to Mexico Defeated the Aztec Empire in Central Mexico Francisco Pizzaro Conquered the Inca Empire The Spanish used native people for forced labor. Harsh treatment and disease killed many of the indigenous people.

Ferdinand Magellan  Portuguese mariner  Set sail in 1519  Pursuit of westward route to the Spice Islands  Did not live to complete his voyage  First to circumnavigate the globe and give practical proof that the world is round

Sebastian Elcano returned to Spain three years and one month after originally setting sail. Only one ship remained and 18 men out of 280 crew members.