Transportation Technology Mr. Wright

W HEN YOU HAVE COMPLETED THIS CHAPTER, YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO DO THE FOLLOWING : Basic Concepts: Define the four types of propulsion Identify tools used to find direction, speed, time, and location in water transportation Cite ways in which vessels are controlled State the functions of hydrofoils and hovercraft List several nautical terms and parts of ships Name the support systems for water transportation Intermediate concepts Chart a course on a nautical chart

K EY W ORDS Bearing Bilge keel Bow Bulkhead Buoy Catamaran Compass Conning tower Draft Fin stabilizer Full displacement hull Gunwale Harbor Harbormaster Heading Hovercraft Hull Hull speed Inboard engine Jib Length overall (LOA) Lock

K EY W ORDS Log Mainsail Nautical chart Nautical mile Nuclear turbine engine Outboard engine Paddle Pitch Planing hull Port Propeller Radar Rudder Sail Semiplaning hull Sheet Spinnaker Starboard Stern Terminal Water jet Waterline

P ROPULSION S YSTEMS Four types of propulsion: Paddle and oar Sail Propeller Water jet Each of these types of propulsion has some type of contact with either water or wind.

P ADDLES AND O ARS Paddles-an implement used to propel a boat using human power first type of propulsion used to move boats Human have used paddles to row: Canoes Boats Ships Steam engines in paddle boats were used to turn a wheel of paddles

S AILS Sail- A piece of fabric used to convert wind energy into a source of propulsion Most are triangular and able to rotate into the wind Mainsail: The larger of the two sails on a boat Connected to the mast and a boom It can be rotated by allowing slack on either side in the ropes, or sheets, in nautical terms. Jib- smaller sail and is connected to the mast and the bow Can be pulled tight on either side of the boat depending on the wind Bow- very front of the vessel Spinnaker sails- used at the front of the boat when traveling downwind Typically large and colorful (resemble a hot air balloon)

How sail boats work

P ROPELLERS Propeller- a rotating blade that produces thrust thrust is the propellers reaction to the water that pushes the boat forward Pitch- angle of the propeller blade The greater the pitch, the faster the blade will travel To great or too little, propeller travels slower Propeller power sources: Internal combustion chamber Diesel engines Turboelectric generators Gas turbines Nuclear reactors

P ROPELLERS ( CONT.) Outboard engines- most common motor used on fishing boats and small motor boats the power source and propeller are on piece Attached to the stern (back of boat) Inboard/outboard engines- used in mid-sized recreational boats Larger engines than outboard Mounted inside the boat with a propeller Inboard Engine- used on mid-sized recreational boats Used on most vessels over 36’ in length Power source mounted inside the ship attached to a propeller shaft

O UTBOARD E NGINE O UTBOARD / INBOARD ENGINE I NBOARD ENGINE

P ROPELLERS ( CONT.) Nuclear turbine engine- inboard propulsion system that uses a nuclear reactor to heat water Generates and stores electricity Advantage of nuclear power over diesel or gas: One load of uranium can last 4 years Allowing the submarine to stay submerged without having to refuel

W ATER J ETS Water jets- uses an inboard engine to turn an impeller newest form of marine propulsion The water forced out of jet propels the craft Water jets are extremely popular for personal crafts Jet Ski Ferries Hydrofoils Newest Water Jet Technology

G UIDANCE SYSTEM Shipping routes and sea-lanes act as highways of the sea Use navigational tools to find Current location Destination The captain must also track: Direction Speed Time location

D IRECTION -F INDING T OOLS Used in ship navigation for hundreds of years Compasses- simple device for determining which direction is north Early navigation developed in Europe/Asia in the 1100’s First compasses were made of lodestone laid in water Compasses are used to determine heading and bearing Heading- The direction the boat is pointed at a given time Bearing- The desired direction of travel Radio Direction-Finding Equipment Receives transmissions sent by radio transmitters (beacons) Location of beacons are identified on nautical charts

S PEED T OOLS Logs- A speed indicator aboard a marine transportation vehicle Historically, logs were tied to a rope and dropped overboard Knots were tied every 47’3” Once the logs were placed in water, sailors counted the number of knots in the water after 28 seconds Nautical Mile- Roughly 1 minute Equal to 1.15 statute miles (land) Today’s Speed logs: Two electronic transducers and a digital monitor Placed in hull (body) of the ship, 1 in front and 1 in back The speed is determined by how long it takes the signal to get from the back to the front transducer.

T IME TOOLS Speed logs also display the current time/ act as a stopwatch Essential tool for navigating a vessel Helpful in determining location Important for sailors so they can get back into harbor before nighttime

L OCATION T OOLS Nautical charts- Map that shows coastal waters, rivers, and other marine areas Designed to show information for navigating waterways Marked with special symbols that represent: Depths of water, channel markers, buoys, underwater phone and electric lines, and wrecks. Coastal features include: Lighthouses, church steeples, water towers Show latitude and longitude lines Ships use charts to plot their own location and the location of other crafts at see.

L OCATION T OOLS Electronic Navigation Tools Radio detecting and ranging (radar)- An electronic navigation tool that contains a transmitter, a receiver, and a display How It Works Loran-C- A long range navigation system Displays a series of numbers that can be plotted on a nautical chart How It Works Global Positioning System (GPS)- How It Works

L OCATION T OOLS Visual Navigation Aids Easier to use visual aids Buoys- Painted markers anchored in a body of water to guide water vehicles US ATONS- U.S. Aids to Navigation System Designed to ensure the meanings of buoys are consistent Colors have significant meaning Have lights on top to see at night

C ONTROL S YSTEM Performs two functions: Steering system- Steer the boat or ship from side to side Diving and Rising system- Raise or lower the vessel