Chapter Menu Halogenated compounds/Alcohols/Phenols Alkyl Halides and Aryl Halides Alcohols/Phenol Exit Click a hyperlink or folder tab to view the corresponding slides.

Section 22-1 Alkyl Halides and Aryl Halides Define functional group, and give examples. aliphatic compound: a nonaromatic hydrocarbon, such as an alkane, an alkene, or an alkyne Compare and contrast alkyl and aryl halide structures. Evaluate the boiling points of organic halides.

Section 22-1 Alkyl Halides and Aryl Halides (cont.) functional group halocarbon alkyl halide aryl halide A halogen atom can replace a hydrogen atom in some hydrocarbons. plastic substitution reaction halogenation

Section 22-1 Functional Groups In an organic molecule, a functional group is an atom or group of atoms that always reacts in a certain way.functional group Addition of a functional group to a hydrocarbon always produces a substance with different chemical and physical properties. Double and triple bonds between carbon atoms are considered functional groups.

Section 22-1 Functional Groups (cont.)

Section 22-1 Organic Compounds Containing Halogens Any organic compound that contains a halogen substituent is called a halocarbon.halocarbon An alkyl halide is an organic compound containing a halogen atom covalently bonded to an aliphatic carbon atom.alkyl halide An aryl halide is an organic compound containing a halogen bonded to an aromatic group.aryl halide

Section 22-1 Organic Compounds Containing Halogens (cont.) In naming halocarbons, a prefix indicates which halogen is present. If there is more than a single halogen, they are listed alphabetically.

Section 22-1 Organic Compounds Containing Halogens (cont.) Halocarbons have higher boiling points because they have an increasing tendency to form temporary dipoles. Dipoles attract each other, and require more energy to separate. A plastic is a polymer that can be heated and molded while relatively soft.plastic

Section 22-1 Organic Compounds Containing Halogens (cont.)

Section 22-1 Substitution Reactions Nearly all synthetic organic compounds begin with petroleum. A substitution reaction is one in which one atom or a group of atoms in a molecule is replaced by another atom or group of atomssubstitution reaction Hydrogen atoms in an alkane can be replaced by atoms of halogens in a process called halogenation.halogenation

Section 22-1 Substitution Reactions (cont.)

Section 22-1 Substitution Reactions (cont.) Once halogenated, alkanes can undergo further reactions. Reacting an alkyl halide with a basic solution results in replacement of the halogen atom with an –OH group to form an alcohol.

A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 22-1 Assessment An alkane with one or more halogen substituents is called what? A.aryl halide B.metal halide C.chlorofluorocarbon D.alkyl halide

Section 22-2 Alcohols Identify the functional groups that characterize alcohols and ethers. miscible: describes two liquids that are soluble in each other Draw the structures of alcohols and ethers. Discuss the properties and uses of alcohols and ethers.

Section 22-2 Alcohols (cont.) hydroxyl group alcohol denatured alcohol Oxygen and nitrogen are two of the most-common atoms found in organic functional groups.

Section 22-2 Alcohols Oxygen commonly forms two covalent bonds to form a stable octet. An oxygen-hydrogen group covalently bonded to a carbon atom is called a hydroxyl group.hydroxyl group An organic compound in which a hydroxyl group replaces a hydrogen is called an alcohol. alcohol

Alcohols (cont.)

Structure and Nomencalture 1.Alcohols are compounds whose molecules have a hydroxyl group attached to a saturated carbon atom. 1)Compounds in which a hydroxyl group is attached to an unsaturated carbon atom of a double bond (i.e., C=C–OH) are called enols.

N OMENCLATURE OF A LCOHOLS

N OMENCLATURE OF E THERS

Section 22-2 Alcohols (cont.) Alcohol is polar and mixes completely with water. Denatured alcohol is ethanol with small amounts of noxious materials added to it.Denatured alcohol Alcohol names are based on the alkane names, with the ending –ol.

Physical Properties of Alcohols and Ethers

A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 22-2 Assessment Which of the following is an alcohol? A.cyclohexamine B.1-chlorobutanol C.bromobutene D.butylpropyl ether

A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 22-2 Assessment Which functional group is present in an alcohol? A.hydroxyl group B.halogen C.aromatic ring D.amino group

Study Guide 1 Alkyl Halides and Aryl Halides Key Concepts The substitution of functional groups for hydrogen in hydrocarbons creates a wide variety of organic compounds. An alkyl halide is an organic compound that has one or more halogen atoms bonded to a carbon atom in an aliphatic compound.

Study Guide 2 Alcohols Key Concepts Alcohols are formed when specific functional groups substitute for hydrogen in hydrocarbons. Because they readily form hydrogen bonds, alcohols have higher boiling points and higher water solubilities than other organic compounds.

A.A B.B C.C D.D Chapter Assessment 1 Aryl halides contain what two groups? A.nitrogen and aliphatic hydrocarbon chain B.nitrogen and aromatic hydrocarbon ring C.halogen and aromatic hydrocarbon ring D.halogen and aliphatic hydrocarbon chain