Prokaryotes in Research and Technology  The usefulness of prokaryotes largely derives from their diverse forms of nutrition and metabolism.  All this metabolic versatility evolved prior to the appearance of the structural characteristics in the evolution of eukaryotic organisms.

 Bacteria thrive on a chemistry of a substrate and convert to a new chemistry while harvesting energy from it. The biochemistry of these phenomena are the important steps for biochemists while bacteria etc work as a vector.  On this understanding it is possible to benefits from the metabolic capabilities of both bacteria and archaea.

 Humans have long used bacteria to convert milk into cheese.  Anaerobic bacteria and archaea decompose the organic matter in sewage, converting it to material that can be used as landfill or fertilizer after chemical sterilization.  Prokaryotes are the principal agents in bioremediation, the use of organisms to remove pollutants from soil, air, or water.  Other bioremediation applications include cleaning up oil spills and precipitating radioactive material (such as uranium) out of groundwater.

Bacteria may come out prominently in a major industry of plastics.  Globally, each year a bout 350 billion pounds of plastic are produced from petroleum and used to make toys, storage containers, soft drink bottles, and many other items. These products degrade slowly, creating environmental problems.  Bacteria can now be used to make natural plastics. For example, some bacteria synthesize a type of polyester known as PHA (polyhydroxyalkanoate), which they use to store chemical energy.  When these bacteria are fed sugars derived from corn, the PHA they produce can be extracted, formed into pellets, and used to make durable, biodegradable plastics.

 Through genetic engineering, humans can now modify bacteria to produce vitamins, antibiotics, hormones, and other products.  Researchers are seeking to reduce fossil fuel use by engineering bacteria that can produce ethanol from various forms of biomass, including agricultural waste, switch grass, fast-growing woody plants such as willows, and corn.  The most radical idea for modifying bacteria and obtaining the desired chemistry.

 The most radical idea now has come up for modifying bacteria through recombinant technology and obtaining the desired chemistry.  The latest success is in preparing synthetic bacteria thus to incorporate the desired characteristics to obtain the wanted chemistry