Powerplant and Systems

Short Video © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Reciprocating Engines © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved. Radial Horizontally Opposed V-mounted Inline Mount

Engine Principles © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved. Turn chemical energy into mechanical energy Ignition by spark Ignition by compression PV = nRT

Cylinder Parts © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Intake Phase © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved. Piston starts downward travel Air/Fuel mixture is drawn cylinder

Compression Phase © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved. Intake Valve Closes Piston starts upward travel Air/Fuel mixture is now compressed

Power Phase © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved. The Air/Fuel mixture is ignited Ignition creates an explosion Pressure forces the piston downward

Exhaust Phase © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved. Purges cylinder of burned gas Exhaust valve opens Phase repeats

Propeller © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved. Rotating airfoil that provides thrust or power Similar to how a wing produces lift Change in propeller blade angle

Why Change in Angle? © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved. Outside is spinning faster than inside Therefore, creating more lift (or power) The angle is “Angle of Incidence”

Fixed Pitch Propeller © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved. Two types: Climb Propeller Cruise Propeller Climb has lower pitch, lower drag Cruise has higher pitch, higher drag Inefficiencies need to be traded off

Fixed Pitch Propeller © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved. Controlled by a Throttle Viewed directly off of the Tachometer Engine and Propeller Limitations on the Tachometer itself

Constant Speed Propeller © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved. Choose the angle of the propeller for condition of flight Control the angle with a governor Has a separate control between the throttle and the mixture

Induction Systems © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved. Brings air from outside Mixes with air/fuel Brings to the cylinder for combustion Two types: Carburetor Fuel Injection

Carburetor © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved. Mixes the air and fuel in a carburetor (chamber) before mixture enters the intake manifold Two types: Pressure type – not found on small aircraft Float type

Float-Type Carburetor © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved. Air flows through air filter Filtered air goes through venture Venturi creates low pressure Low pressure pulls fuel Air/Fuel mixture to intake manifold Then to combustion chamber

Disadvantages of Float-Type Carburetor © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved. Manuevering Low pressure leads to incomplete vaporization Difficulty in discharging in supercharged systems Icing tendency

Carburetor © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Carburetor Icing © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved. Faster air flow at venturi Decrease in Pressure = Decrease in Temperature Vaporization of fuel is incomplete Ice forms around venture valve

Carb Icing © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Mixture Control © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved. Increase in Altitude = decrease in density of air Density of fuel remains the same We must change the volume of the fuel being added Otherwise: loss of power (too rich) Spark plug fouling (excessive carbon buildup)

Proper Leaning Techniques © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved. Lean for either best power or best economy Best power Wanted in a situation where power is more important than fuel consumption Best economy Wanted in a situation where fuel consumption is more important than power Become familiar with leaning techniques in 4.27 of POH Stop and Read with the Students

Carburetor Heat © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved. Anti-Icing System that preheats air before it reaches the carburetor Next to throttle quadrant on right side Lower the lever to engage Use as preventative measure first Can also be used as a way of ridding ice Can also be used if intake filter clogged

Carburetor Heat (Cessna v. Piper) © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved. Pipers POH (4.29) “Carburetor heat should not be applied unless there is an indication of carburetor icing, since the use of carburetor heat causes a reduction in power which may be critical in case of a go-around.” “Full throttle operation with carburetor heat can cause detonation.” Cessna POH Always add Carburetor Heat below 2000 RPM

Ignition Systems © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved. Spark is provided to ignite the fuel air system Spark is supplied by two engine-driven magnetos Note that this is completely independent of the electrical system Unlike a car

Dual Ignition Systems © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved. Two spark plugs to each cylinder One on top, One on bottom Two magnetos Supply individual spark plugs Used as a fail safe if things go wrong Ignition switches Archer 2: Off, Right, Left, Both, Start Ignition switches Archer 3: Off, Right Left, Both Starter is separate

Ignition System Start/Shutdown © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved. During start, only use right magneto (Left Magneto is grounded anyway on both switch) Always leave ignition on both until engine is stopped Hydro-Locking the Engine

Oil System © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved. Functions: Lubrication Cooling Sealing Carrying away contaminants

Wet or Dry Sump © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved. Wet Sump Located in a sump that is part of the system Dry Sump Oil contained in a separate tank that is circulated by pumps

Wet Sump System © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Engine Cooling © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved. Air Cooled Air flows directly over the engine Engine must act as a heat sink Notice the fins Liquid Cooled Just like a car Radiator must be supplied

Engine Too Hot © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved. Always reduce power If altitude allows, richen the mixture Find a place to land and investigate

Exhaust © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved. Exhaust Manifold May supply the heating to the aircraft Carbon Monoxide Poisoning is rare, but possible

Fuel System © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved. Only Use 100 (Green) or 100LL (Blue) Greater may be used but only in a pinch Two separate tanks Must choose these tanks via a selector Unlike a Cessna where both can be selected at one time

Fuel System Diagram © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Electrical System © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved. Archer 2: 14 Volt, 60 amp alternator, 12 volt battery Archer 3: 28 Volt, 70 amp alternator, 24 volt battery Volts vs. Amps vs. Ohms

References © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved. Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge Archer 2 Pilot’s Operating Handbook