George Washington InaugurationCabinet The Court System Farewell Address The Capital Whiskey Rebellion

Washington’s Inauguration New York City, April 30, 1789 New York City, April 30, 1789 What is an inauguration? What is an inauguration? At the ceremony, witnesses said that Washington looked grave, almost sad. At the ceremony, witnesses said that Washington looked grave, almost sad. Why do you think he looked sad? Why do you think he looked sad? As the first President of the United States, Washington’s every move would set a precedent for all future Presidents to follow. As the first President of the United States, Washington’s every move would set a precedent for all future Presidents to follow. Two terms, a cabinet, “President Washington” Two terms, a cabinet, “President Washington”

The First Cabinet President Washington wanted a group of talented people to help him carry out his duties. President Washington wanted a group of talented people to help him carry out his duties. The first Congress set up five executive departments to help the President. The first Congress set up five executive departments to help the President. They were the departments of State, War, Treasury, and Offices of Attorney General and Postmaster General. The heads of these five departments made up the President’s CABINET. The heads of these five departments made up the President’s CABINET. Washington set a precedent by choosing well-known leaders to be in his Cabinet. Thomas Jefferson was Secretary of State, and Alexander Hamilton was the Secretary of the Treasury. Washington set a precedent by choosing well-known leaders to be in his Cabinet. Thomas Jefferson was Secretary of State, and Alexander Hamilton was the Secretary of the Treasury. Washington and his cabinet: left to right, President Washington, Secretary of War Henry Knox, Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson, and Attorney General Edmund Randolph

The Federal Court System One of the first laws passed by the first Congress was the Judiciary Act. One of the first laws passed by the first Congress was the Judiciary Act. This law set up the Supreme Court as consisting of one Chief Justice and five Associate Justices. This law set up the Supreme Court as consisting of one Chief Justice and five Associate Justices. Washington appointed John Jay as the first Supreme Court Chief Justice. Washington appointed John Jay as the first Supreme Court Chief Justice. John Jay

Congress decided that the new capital should not be part of any state, but should be part of a “district” called the District of Columbia. Today, the capital is known as Washington D.C. It is located on land along the Potomac River between Virginia and Maryland. Washington hired the French designer, Pierre L’Enfante to design the new capital. (He also designed the city of Paris.)

City of Paris, France City of Washington, D.C.

The Whiskey Rebellion To raise money for the Treasury, Hamilton wanted Congress to pass a tax on all liquor made in the United States. To raise money for the Treasury, Hamilton wanted Congress to pass a tax on all liquor made in the United States. Instead of raising money, the new tax sparked a rebellion. Instead of raising money, the new tax sparked a rebellion. People, especially farmers, hated the tax and refused to pay it. People, especially farmers, hated the tax and refused to pay it. Thousands of farmers marched in protest and tarred and feathered the tax collectors. Thousands of farmers marched in protest and tarred and feathered the tax collectors. Washington immediately sent troops to quell the uprising. Farmers fled when they heard troops were coming. Washington immediately sent troops to quell the uprising. Farmers fled when they heard troops were coming. Washington’s strong response to the Whiskey Rebellion showed the nation that the new government was strong and that violence would not be tolerated. Washington’s strong response to the Whiskey Rebellion showed the nation that the new government was strong and that violence would not be tolerated.

The Farewell Address Before retiring in 1796, George Washington published his Farewell Address. In it, he advised Americans to Before retiring in 1796, George Washington published his Farewell Address. In it, he advised Americans to 1. avoid debt 1. avoid debt 2. avoid alliances 2. avoid alliances 3. avoid political parties 3. avoid political parties

The French Revolution

Main Idea of Section As the French Revolution and other wars raged in Europe, President Washington steered a neutral course in foreign affairs. As the French Revolution and other wars raged in Europe, President Washington steered a neutral course in foreign affairs. What does “neutral” mean? What does “neutral” mean?

Setting the Scene Why would a war in France cause problems in the United States? Why would a war in France cause problems in the United States? The Attack on the Bastille

The French Revolution The French had many reasons to rebel against their King, Louis XVI. They paid high taxes while the nobles paid none. They wanted a constitution that would limit the King’s power and protect their basic rights, like the one in the United States. The French had many reasons to rebel against their King, Louis XVI. They paid high taxes while the nobles paid none. They wanted a constitution that would limit the King’s power and protect their basic rights, like the one in the United States. Execution of French Nobles, Using a Guillotine

American Support and Division At first, most Americans supported the French people. They knew what it meant to struggle for freedom. At first, most Americans supported the French people. They knew what it meant to struggle for freedom. In 1793, however, the Revolution turned more violent. Radical reformers gained power and beheaded the King and Queen. In 1793, however, the Revolution turned more violent. Radical reformers gained power and beheaded the King and Queen. During the Reign of Terror, thousands of French citizens were executed. Some Americans continued to support the French people, but others argued that democracy would not be created through violence. During the Reign of Terror, thousands of French citizens were executed. Some Americans continued to support the French people, but others argued that democracy would not be created through violence.

America Struggles to Remain Neutral Faced with war in Europe, Washington had to decide on a foreign policy. Faced with war in Europe, Washington had to decide on a foreign policy. What is foreign policy? What is foreign policy? America and France had been allies. Now France wanted to use American ships and ports to attack the British. America and France had been allies. Now France wanted to use American ships and ports to attack the British. Washington was worried that if he allowed the French to do this, he could not remain neutral. Washington was worried that if he allowed the French to do this, he could not remain neutral.

Divisions in the Cabinet Hamilton argued that the United States did not have to remain allies with France since the King was dead. Hamilton argued that the United States did not have to remain allies with France since the King was dead. Jefferson wanted to remain allied. Jefferson wanted to remain allied. After much debate within his Cabinet, Washington issued the Neutrality Proclamation. After much debate within his Cabinet, Washington issued the Neutrality Proclamation. It stated that the United States would not take sides in the war. Jefferson felt defeated and left Washington’s Cabinet. It stated that the United States would not take sides in the war. Jefferson felt defeated and left Washington’s Cabinet. French women marched onto the King’s Palace, shouting “Bread! Bread!”

Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson differed widely in their prospective visions for the country. Jefferson favored a small government (“That government which governs best, governs least”) and an agricultural economy.

Hamilton favored an America on “the English Model,” that is, an industrial, mercantile economy with a powerful central government run by the wealthy, well-educated and well-born.

POLITICALSOCIALECONOMIC JEFFERSONSmall government Local, tightly-knit communities Local, agricultural. HAMILTONPowerful central government Global trading partnerships Global; trading and industrial

POLITICALSOCIALECONOMIC JEFFERSON HAMILTON Name: __________________________ Date: _________________ Period: _______

Struggling to Remain Neutral Declaring neutrality was easier than enforcing it. Americans wanted to trade with both Britain and France, who were at war with each other. Declaring neutrality was easier than enforcing it. Americans wanted to trade with both Britain and France, who were at war with each other. However, both countries captured American ships heading for the other country. However, both countries captured American ships heading for the other country. In 1793 the British captured 250 American ships trading with the French in the French West Indies. In 1793 the British captured 250 American ships trading with the French in the French West Indies. Some Americans called for war. Some Americans called for war. Washington sent John Jay to Britain to negotiate. Washington sent John Jay to Britain to negotiate. Jay negotiated a treaty where Britain would pay for damages to American ships and Americans would pay debts back to Britain. Jay negotiated a treaty where Britain would pay for damages to American ships and Americans would pay debts back to Britain. Americans were angry that the treaty did nothing to protect neutral American ships. Americans were angry that the treaty did nothing to protect neutral American ships. John Jay