March 4 th 2016 Adjuncts & Prepositional Phrases Text Grammar Error Analysis English Grammar 1 Lecture 7

 Mood  Modality Review

 Identify the mood of the following pairs of sentences: 1.Everybody sit down, please. 2.Everybody sits down. Mood

1.Nobody says a word. 2.Nobody say a word. Mood cont’d

Degree of certainty the speaker wants to express Relates to obligation or permission including willingness and ability (has to)

Degree of certainty the speaker wants to express Relates to obligation or permission including willingness and ability

Degree of certainty the speaker wants to express Relates to obligation or permission including willingness and ability

Degree of certainty the speaker wants to express Relates to obligation or permission including willingness and ability

Degree of certainty the speaker wants to express Relates to obligation or permission including willingness and ability

If at all possible I’ll see you tomorrow after the show with Pete and Susan outside the main entrance. a.2 b.7 c.3 d.5 How many ADJUNCTS are there in the following?

 Circumstantial  Stance  Connective Adjuncts

 Answer the question  Where?  When?  How?  Why? Circumstantial Adjuncts

 She called me yesterday  She called me too late.  She called me from my office.  She called me this morning.  She called me while I was out. Realizations of Circumstantial Adjuncts

A  II I She I called I me I yesterday I.II Adv A  II I She I called I me I from my office.I II PP A  II I She I called I me I this morning.I II NG Realizations of Circumstantial Adjuncts

A  II I She I called I me I this morning. I II NG This is a clause. It has ____ constituents. “She” is a NG. It is functioning as the ________. “Called” is a VG. It is functioning as ______ “Me” is a NG. It is functioning as _______ “This morning” is a NG. It is functioning as an ________ Realizations of Circumstantial Adjuncts

 II I She I called I me I this morning. I II

STANCE Adjuncts

 These express the speaker’s evaluation or comment on the content of the message.  Viewpoint (Interpersonal Meaning) Stance Adjuncts

 What word can you add at the beginning of the following to show the writer’s stance/ point of view?  Ob______ly he’ll rely on you even more.  Ap_______ly the picture is a fake.  Am_______gly he won the gold medal.  (Downing p. 73) Stance Adjuncts

 Surely, obviously, frankly, honestly, hopefully etc.  In fact, in reality, of course etc.  To be honest, strictly speaking etc.  What grammatical resources are used in the above? (What grammar names can you use to describe them?) Realizations of Stance Adjuncts

 Surely, obviously, frankly, honestly, hopefully etc.  In fact, in reality, of course etc.  To be honest, strictly speaking etc. Realizations of Stance Adjuncts

 Circumstantial  Stance  Connective Adjuncts

First of all, Grammar 1 is full of metalanguage. That is to say, there are endless new vocabulary terms to be learned. On top of that there is a project, plus a final exam! Nevertheless, we must stay calm and we must not PANIC! Connective Adjuncts tell us how the speaker or writer understands the connection between utterances (pieces of text).

 These tell us how the speaker or writer understands the connection between to utterances (pieces of text).  These are realized through the following resources:  Adverbs (nevertheless, moreover, first, namely)  PPs (in other words, on top of that  Adjg (last of all, better still)  Finite Cl (what is more; that is to say)  THESE are identified (written) UNDER the wording because they are the grammatical resources. Connective Adjuncts

A S F P Cs II I Nevertheless I we I must stay I calm I II THESE are identified (written) UNDER the wording because they are the grammatical resources

 Are optional elements of a situation expressed by the clause.  Three main types:  Circumstantial  Provide information concerning time, place, manner, means.  Stance  Provide attitudinal comment by the speaker or writer.  Connective  They signal the semantic connections between one part of the discourse and another part. (E.g. discourse markers) Re-Cap: Adjuncts

Prepositional Phrases

 The basic grammatical function:  To establish a relationship between its complement and another element in a nearby element. (Pre/post modification)  PPs are a “grammatical resource”. So…where would you identify these in a clause/ NG? (Above or below the wording?) Prepositional Phrases

 cherries on the tree  off the record comments  the book on the lowest shelf Example 1: Where are the PPs?

 cherries on the tree  off the record comments  the book on the lowest shelf Example 1: How are they functioning? Step 1: Identify the HEAD.

 Prepositional Phrases can function as P____ Mo_________ and P_____ M________ of the H_____ in a Noun Group. “Rule”

GROUPS: Adjg NG Advg PP  He is a teacher of French literature.  My son is brilliant at mathematics.  They don’t live far from here.  A car accident on the motorway to London. PPs as embedded elements of groups

 He is a teacher of French literature.  My son is brilliant at mathematics.  They don’t live far from here.  A car accident on the motorway to London. Embedded as elements of groups What GROUPS are these?

 He is a teacher of French literature.  My son is brilliant at mathematics.  They don’t live far from here.  A car accident on the motorway to London. Embedded as elements of groups Where are the PPs?

 He is a teacher of French literature.  My son is brilliant at mathematics.  They don’t live far from here.  A car accident on the motorway to London. Embedded as elements of groups

 The basic grammatical function:  To establish a relationship between its complement and another element in a nearby element.  EXAMPLE 2 (to follow) Prepositional Phrases

 After dark is the only good time for fireworks.  I don’t consider next to the railway a good place to live.  Monica must be out of her mind to reject such an offer. (Monica must be mad). Example 2: Where are the PPs?

 After dark is the only good time for fireworks.  I don’t consider next to the railway a good place to live.  Monica must be out of her mind. (Monica must be mad). Example 2: Where are they?

Subject  After dark is the only good time for fireworks. Od (direct object)  I don’t consider next to the railway a good place to live. Cs (Subject complement)  Monica must be out of her mind. (Monica must be crazy).  Subject complements: describe the subject; following a relational process verb Example 2 : How are they functioning?

 His illness has left him without a job.  The train to London is now standing at the platform. Example 2 : Where are the PPs?

 His illness has left him without a job. PP  The train to London is now standing at the platform. PP Example 2: Where are the PPs?

Co (Object complement)  His illness has left him without a job.  Without a job describes HIM (the object) Cx (goal/locative complement)  The train to London is now standing at the platform  At the platform describes the location of where the train is. Example 2 : How are the PPs functioning?

 Prepositional phrases can also function at the clause level. They function as S______, D_______ ob______ and as c_________. “Rule”

What’s with all the C stuff? Cx? Cs? Co? C this and C that…..

 Cs = Complement of the SUBJECT  Follows a copular verb (BE)  She is wonderful.  Co = Complement of the OBJECT S F P Od Co  You are making me angry.  Cx = Goal/ locative complement  Some verbs require a locative complement:  *Put the dishes.  Put the dishes in the dishwasher The “C”s

Well that was ONE slide…. Uh…. Will there be more explanation?

Function above Class below S F P O I’ll see you after the show with Pete and Susan. NG VG NG PPs as Adjuncts

 Circumstantial Adjuncts (typically initial or final position)  All this happened long before the war.  Behind us, we saw a huge line for the bus. PPs as Adjuncts

 Stance Adjuncts Adjunct  In all honesty, I don’t believe a word he said. PP  By all means, do whatever you think is best.  Connective Adjuncts  A: I’m leaving now.  B: In that case, I’ll go too. PPs as Adjuncts

One night, Otto Lowei awoke with an idea. The next night at three a.m. the idea returned. Identify the 4 Adjuncts (underline)

One night, Otto Lowei awoke with an idea. The next night at three a.m. the idea returned. Identify the 4 Adjuncts (above the wording) The adjuncts used above are all CIRCUMSTANTIAL as they answer the question, who, where, why, when, how. Above the adjuncts you have underlined, write A cir (adjunct of circumstance)

 Adjuncts are typically an adverbial group or prepositional phrase giving some kind of background information about the event or state. (Thompson, 2004, p. 20)  Adjuncts are readily omissible and express circumstantial meanings such as time, place and manner. (Collins and Hollo p. 266). Adjuncts: Re-Cap