 Igneous- melted rock that cools and hardens  Sedimentary- forms when layers of materials and rock particles settle on top of each other and harden  Metamorphic- solid rock that has been squeezed and heated to very high temps. Its particles can take on diff. arrangements and change properties.

 Rocky cycle- shows different ways one type of rock can become another.  Rocks are made of minerals in many different sizes, shapes, and colors

 Soil is made of weathered rock, decomposed plants and animals, bacteria, and fungi  3 layers of soil: topsoil, rocks and pebbles, and bedrock  Bedrock breaks apart into one of three types of particles: ◦ sand- biggest grains; most space ◦ Silt- grains just large enough to see ◦ Clay- the grains too small to see; least space between particles- holds water

 Humus- combines with sand, silt, or clay; basis for healthy, rich soil

 Weathering is a process that makes sediments  Examples: wind and water break pieces of sediment off of rocks  Erosion is a process that moves sediments, and can cause major landform changes over time  Examples: wind and water carry sediments from place to place

 Mountains- formed when 2 plates run into each other  Plains  Oceans  River valleys-low area caused by flowing water  Coastlines- where ocean meets land  Canyons- formed by flowing water (erosion)  Plateaus  River Deltas- growing pile of deposited sediment at mouth of a river (weathering & erosion)

 Anything that people use that comes from the natural world ◦ Examples: stone, oil, wood, water, air, animals, plants  Two types: ◦ Renewable resources: resources that replace themselves naturally (plants, water, air) ◦ Nonrenewable resources: resources that we have a limited supply of (cannot be replaced) example- fossil fuels

 Sources of energy formed from the remains of dead plants and animals that lived millions of years ago  Three Types: ◦ Coal, Natural Gas, Oil

 Protecting resources (plants, animals, soil, etc.)  Reduce- use less of resource  Reuse- use more than once  Recycle- turns something into something new

 Dams produce electricity, prevent floods, and provide water for drinking and irrigation.  Wastewater treatment buildings take in dirty water and clean it  Pumping water from underground to help grow crops  Create/use things that take in renewable energy resources to produce energy. (windmills, dams, solar cells, etc.)

 Agriculture can cause erosion of topsoil which can cause fewer nutrients for the plants  Humans build dams on rivers, which can cause fish to die off.