Chinese Great Archaeological Site Conservation and Management ― Taking Liangzhu, Yin Xu, and Han Yangling Sites as Cases Graduate School of Human and Socio-Environmental Studies Cultural Resource Management Program Kanazawa University, Japan Dongdong WANG (China) Section 105 ： What does heritage change? Case Study in Archaeology 1

Chinese Great Archaeological Site Conservation and Management Special Plans 1999, The Thoughts of Great Archaeological Site Conservation during the Tenth Five-Years Plan ( ) 2000, Great Archaeological Site Conservation during the Tenth Five-Years Plan( ) 2006, The Master Plan for Great Archaeological Site Conservation during the National Eleventh Five-Years Plan ( ) 2013, The Special Plan for Great Archaeological Site Conservation during the National Twelfth Five-Years Plan ( ) Photo of Tang Zhaoling 2

The Definition of CGAS Chinese Great Archeological Site mainly includes ruins and ruin groups, such as large, important and influentially far- reaching settlements, city ruins, palaces, mausoleums, and tombs, etc, all of which reflect the development of each period of Chinese ancient history in politics, religion, military, science, technology, industry, agriculture, architecture, transportation, and water conservancy, etc. Chinese Great Archaeological Site Conservation and Management Photo of Daming Palace The Requirements of CGASC Chinese Great Archaeological Site Conservation emphasizes a positive conservation, which requests to develop the comprehensive benefits of special funds, promote the improvement of urban construction and people’s living standards and quality, as well as achieve the harmonious and sustainable development of regional social and ecological benefits. From: the Master Plan for Great Archaeological Site Conservation during the National Eleventh Five-Years Plan ( ) 3

From UNESCO Document Illegal construction at Xiaosikong Village in Yin Xu buffer zone A Controversial Case Photo at Yin Xu Site of Royal Tombs Photo at Xiaosikong Village in Yin Xu Site 4 Photo at Yin Xu Site of Palace

Management Adjustment Can the previous management system adapt to all the new requirements of CGASC? Are there any adjustments in management system? Stakeholders’ Opinions How should conservation of CGAS be dealt with while balancing the local residents’ livelihood and the entire area’s development? In order to achieve the new requirements of CGASC, what’s the responsibility of different stakeholders? Research Questions 5 Photo of Liangzhu Site District Management Committee Photo with Jiao Nanfen - an Archaeologist

Case Study 6

Case 1. Han Yangling （漢陽陵） 7

Han Dynasty, the construction period BC Proportion: 12 square kilometers Main discoveries: mausoleum of king, mausoleum of queen, ritual architecture, funeral tombs, mausoleum feod; elements of construction, pottery figurine, pottery, bronze and iron tools. Han Yangling is the graveyard of the king in Han dynasty. The Range of Han Yangling MuseumThe Range of Han Yangling Site Basic Information of Han Yangling Site 8

The Display of Han Yangling Site 9 South Gate Tomb Passages The Model of the Mausoleum of King

Zhengyang Town State Council State Ministry of Culture State Administration of Cultural Heritage National museum The Chinese academy of social sciences archaeological research institute Shaanxi Provincial Cultural Heritage Bureau Shaanxi Provincial museum Xianyang City museum Shaanxi Provincial Archaeological Institute Weicheng County museum Weicheng County museum Xianyang City Archaeological Institute Weicheng County Archaeological Institute Weicheng County Archaeological Institute The Palace Museum others Han Yangling Site Shaanxi Provincial Cultural Department Shaanxi Provincial Cultural Department Xianyang City Cultural Heritage Bureau Weicheng County Cultural Heritage Bureau Weicheng County Cultural Heritage Bureau Shaanxi Provincial Government Xianyang City Government Weicheng County Government Weicheng County Government govern guidance guidance Site management guidance govern Han Yangling Site management Han Yangling Museum govern Hanhui Engineeri ng Company The Management Organization of Han Yangling Site 10

The Utilization of Han Yangling Site 11 “Wear Han Clothes, and Learn Han Ceremony” Experience Zone Experience RoomRestaurant Closed Shop of Deer Products Closed

Regulation – Han and Tang Dynasties Mausoleum Protection and Management Regulation in Shaanxi Province 《陕西省汉唐帝王陵保护管理条例》 Plan – Han Yangling National Archaeological Site Park Overall Protection Plan, 2011 《汉阳陵国家考古遗址公园总体规划》 Protection Project – The land expropriation of the main part in Han Yangling Site, 1999 The Fund of Protection – Each level of government The Protection System of Han Yangling Site 12

The Survey in Han Yangling Site persons 19 persons Cultural Administrators (9 persons) Archaeologists (1 persons) Local Residents (20 persons)

Case 2. Yin Xu （殷墟） 14

The Range of Yin Xu World Heritage The Range of Yin Xu Site Protection Shang Dynasty, 14-11c BC Proportion: 36 square kilometers Main discoveries: palace, royal tombs, copper workshop, bone workshop, sacrificial pit and dwelling; oracle, bronze, pottery Yin Xu is the capital of middle and late Shang Dynasty. Basic Information of Yin Xu Site 15

The Display of Yin Xu Site 16

Xijiao Town State Council State Ministry of Culture State Administration of Cultural Heritage National museum The Chinese academy of social sciences archaeological research institute Henan Provincial Cultural Heritage Bureau Henan Provincial museum Anyang City museum Henan Provincial Archaeological Institute Yindu County museum Yindu County museum Anyang City Archaeological Institute Yindu County Archaeological Institute Yindu County Archaeological Institute The Palace Museum others Yin Xu Site Henan Provincial Cultural Department Henan Provincial Cultural Department Anyang City Cultural Heritage Bureau Yindu County Cultural Heritage Bureau Yindu County Cultural Heritage Bureau Henan Provincial Government Anyang City Government Yindu County Government Yindu County Government govern guidance guidance govern Yin Xu Site management Leading Group for World Heritage Declaration Leading Group Office for World Heritage Declaration World Heritage Conservation and Management Committee Yin Xu Museum Anyang Yindu Culture Research Institute Anyang Yindu Culture Research Institute others The Management Organization of Yin Xu Site 17

Nongjiale （农家乐） Closed Performance of Shang （大秀殷商） Disbanded Rose Garden （玫瑰园） The Utilization of Yin Xu Site 18

Regulation – Anyang Yin Xu Protection and Management Regulation, 1982 《安阳市殷墟保护管理办法》 Plan – Anyang Yin Xu Overall Protection Plan, 2002 《安阳殷墟保护总体规划》 Protection Project – The relocation of the villages and factories located at the core area of Yin Xu Site The Fund of Protection – Each level of government. The Protection System of Yin Xu Site 19

The Survey in Yin Xu Site persons Cultural Administrators (6 persons) Archaeologists (2 persons) Local Scholar (1 person) Local Residents (20 persons)

Case 3. Liangzhu （良渚） 21

Basic Information of Liangzhu Site The Range of Liangzhu National Archaeological Park in Detailed Protection Planning The Range of Liangzhu Site Protection Neolithic period, BP. Proportion: 42 square kilometers Main discoveries: city wall, graveyard, altar, water projects and dwelling; jade, stone tools, pottery and carbonated rice Liangzhu Culture is an important archaeological culture in the downstream of Yangtze River during Neolithic period. 22

The Display of Liangzhu Site 23 Liangzhu Museum Liangzhu City Wall

Liangzhu and Pingyao Town The Management Organization of Liangzhu Site State Council State Ministry of Culture State Administration of Cultural Heritage National museum The Chinese academy of social sciences archaeological research institute Zhejiang Provincial Cultural Heritage Bureau Zhejiang Provincial museum Hangzhou City museum Zhejiang Provincial Archaeological Institute Yuhang County museum Yuhang County museum Hangzhou City Archaeological Institute Yuhang County Archaeological Institute Yuhang County Archaeological Institute The Palace Museum others Liangzhu Site Zhejiang Provincial Cultural Department Zhejiang Provincial Cultural Department Hangzhou City Cultural Heritage Bureau Yuhang County Cultural Heritage Bureau Yuhang County Cultural Heritage Bureau Zhejiang Provincial Government Hangzhou City Government Yuhang County Government Yuhang County Government govern guidance guidance Site management guidance govern Liangzhu Site management Liangzhu site district management Committee Leading Group for World Heritage Declaration Leading Group Office for World Heritage Declaration World Heritage Declaration Office Meilizhou Enterprise Co. Ltd govern Liangzhu Museum govern 24

Jade Culture Industrial Park By Meilizhou Enterprise Villas The Utilization of Liangzhu Site Park Textbooks 25

Regulations – Hangzhou Liangzhu Site Protection and Management Regulation, 2001 《杭州市良渚遗址保护管理条例》 Plan – Hangzhou Liangzhu Site Overall Protection Plan, 2013 《杭州良渚遗址保护总体规划》 Protection Project – The relocation project of the villages and factories located at the inner of Liangzhu ancient city – Cultural Relic Protection Compensation The Fund of Protection – Each level of government. The Protection System of Liangzhu Site 26

Summary of the Management System Liangzhu Site Yin Xu SiteHan Yangling Site Basic InformationNeolithic Period 42 KM 2 Shang Dynasty 22.7 KM 2 Han Dynasty 12 KM 2 Research SystemZhejiang Provincial Archaeological Research Institute The Chinese Academy of Social Sciences Archaeological Research Institute Shaanxi Provincial Archaeological Research Institute Management SystemLiangzhu Site District Management Committee - Local Government - Higher Rank and More Functions Fund: Financial Channel Yin Xu Site Management - Public Institution - Lower Rank and Less Functions Fund: Ticket Income and Financial Channel Han Yangling Museum - Public Institution - Lower Rank and Less Functions Fund: Ticket Income Protection SystemProtection Regulation Plan Protection Regulation Plan Protection Regulation Plan Display SystemMuseum and Park Utilize SystemCulture - Local Education Environment - Environmental Reform Business - Jade Business: Meilizhou Enterprise - Villas Culture and Business - Performance Environment and Business - Tourism Agriculture Business - Souvenir Shop - Nongjiale (Local Restaurant) Culture - Ceremony - Public Engagement Activities Business - Restaurant - Raising Deer 27

Summary of the Opinions from Different Stakeholders Local ResidentsArchaeologistsCultural Administrators Promote People’s living Standards and Quality Be Self- employed Participate in Making Conservation Plan (Balance the Site Conservation and Local Residents) Offer Cultural Relic Protection Compensation Improve the Basic Infrastructure Support the Local Activities Enhance the Cultural Influence Free Ticket/ Discount Ticket Special Opening Day Give Live Presentation of Archaeological Site Offer Public Engagement Activities: Open Excavation Pay Attention to Display and Utilize of the Sites Enhance the Local Cultural Education (Especially for Primary School and Junior High School Students) Create New Exhibition to Connect the Ancient Site and Contemporary People Achieve the Regional Social and Ecological Benefits Adjust the Management Organization – Upgrade the Rank and Expand the Functions Cooperate with other Subjects or Departments to Protect CGAS: Forestry Protection; Farmland Protection; River Way Protection; Renovating Dilapidated Houses in Rural Areas. Find Different Ways to Protect CGAS: National Archaeological Site Park and Others 28

Thanks for your attention! 29