Do Now: Practice Regents Question A researcher wanted to test the effectiveness of a new antibiotic on Streptococcus pyrogenes, the species of bacteria that causes strep throat. Bacteria were added to dish 1, dish 2, and dish 3. A disk soaked in the new antibiotic was then placed in dish 2. Dish 3 was set up as the control. The dishes are shown in the diagram below. State a hypothesis What was added to dish 2 to make it the experimental group? What was added to dish 3 to make it the control group? What is the Independent Variable? What is the Dependent Variable?

Review Questions What is the function of the Nucleus? What is DNA? Why would a cell want to replicate it’s DNA before it divides into two new cells? Place these words in order: Chromosome, DNA, gene, nucleus If all cells have the same DNA, how do we assign them specific jobs? Stores DNA Instructions to maintain homeostasis. Blueprints of life. So that both cells have copy of the instructions They only have access to certain parts of the DNA

Nucleus DNA Chromosome Gene

How do we assign cells jobs? ALL CELLS HAVE IDENTICAL DNA Cell that have been assigned jobs only have access to certain parts of the DNA. RBC WBC RBC Skin WBC Muscle RBC Skin

Use the glossary to look up Key Words Have your homework ready to be checked.

Asexual Reproduction: Form of Reproduction that requires 1 parent and produces IDENTICAL offspring.

Regeneration Regeneration: Cells divide to create identical cells used to replace lost appendage

Budding Budding: Cell division creates identical cells that form a bud that develops into offspring.

Binary Fission Binary Fission: Cell Divides to create two identical cells.

Mitosis = Identical Cell Division

DNA is found in the nucleus Sections of DNA are organized into chromosomes. Genes are found on chromosomes.

Mitosis Mitosis: Process in which chromosomes line up and split apart to create two identical cells. During Mitosis the cell splits once. It creates Diploid Body cells Somatic Cell = Body Cell

PMAT Prophase Metaphase Middle Anaphase Apart Telophase

Diploid Cells Each cell has 2 copies of each chromosome. One from mom and one from dad. These are called diploid cells. Di- 2 -ploid- chromosome Diploid Cells: Cells that have two copies of each chromosome.

Mitosis

Cancer – Out of control Mitosis

It requires the union of haploid sex cells. Sexual Reproduction: Form of Reproduction that requires 2 parents and produces offspring DIFFERENT from the parents. It requires the union of haploid sex cells. One from mom (egg) and one from dad (sperm). + = Sperm Egg Zygote

Zygote: First Body Cell This mixing of genetic information provides for VARIATION within the species.

Meiosis Meiosis: Cell Division occurs twice to cut chromosome number in half During Meiosis the cell splits twice. Chromosome number is cut in half. Therefore each cell has one copy of each chromosome. Haploid: A sex cell that has one copy of each chromosome. Remember! 1 + 1 = 2 ***Sexual Reproduction takes half the genetic information from mom and adds the other half from dad. Sex cells deliver this information!

Crossing Over Since the genes are scrambled, the offspring carry different traits every time reproduction occurs. This creates variation! Think about brothers and sisters. Same parents, different offspring!

Male Reproductive System Bladder Bladder Vas deferens Prostate Prostate Urethra Testicle Vas deferens Penis Penis Testicle

Male Sex Hormone = Testosterone

Female Reproductive System Fallopian Tube Fallopian Tube Ovary Ovary Uterus Uterus Vagina Vagina

Progesterone and Estrogen Female Sex Hormone = Progesterone and Estrogen

Stage 1: Maturation of egg Stage 4: Menstruation “Period” Uterine lining is removed Stage 2: Ovulation – Release of Egg Stage 3: Progesterone signals for the lining of the uterus

Fertilization Fertilization Stage 1: Egg is released through the process of ovulation. Stage 2: Sperm enters body. Stage 3: 1 lucky sperm fuses with the egg. Stage 4: Fertilized embryo goes through rapid mitosis. Stage 5:Embryo implants itself onto the uterine wall.

Placenta: provides nutrients and oxygen to the developing baby, and gets rid of waste. Amnion: sac that surrounds developing baby Umbilical Cord: Connects Baby to Placenta

Amniocentesis Amniocentesis: Test that analyzes amniotic fluid for certain genetic disorders. Karyotype: Chart of all the chromosomes of an individual. Examples: Trisomy 21, Tay-Sachs

Fertilization  Zygote  Mitosis  Differentiation  Growth