Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions: 1) Aircraft certification rules require what gauge to be accurate when empty? 2) Describe the purpose of a fuel pressure gauge. 3) What must be drained and tested before every flight? 4) What is the type of gas used in reciprocating aircraft? 5) Accidents attributed to power plant failure from fuel contamination have often been traced to what various causes? Warm-Up – 2/29 – 10 minutes

Questions / Comments

Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions: 1) Aircraft certification rules require what gauge to be accurate when empty? 2) Describe the purpose of a fuel pressure gauge. 3) What must be drained and tested before every flight? 4) What is the type of gas used in reciprocating aircraft? 5) Accidents attributed to powerplant failure from fuel contamination have often been traced to what various causes? Warm-Up – 2/29 – 10 minutes

Fuel Systems Fuel Gauges The fuel quantity gauges indicate the amount of fuel measured by a sensing unit in each fuel tank and is displayed in gallons or pounds. Aircraft certification rules require accuracy in fuel gauges only when they read “empty.”

Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions: 1) Aircraft certification rules require what gauge to be accurate when empty? 2) Describe the purpose of a fuel pressure gauge. 3) What must be drained and tested before every flight? 4) What is the type of gas used in reciprocating aircraft? 5) Accidents attributed to powerplant failure from fuel contamination have often been traced to what various causes? Warm-Up – 2/29 – 10 minutes

Fuel Systems Fuel Gauges If a fuel pump is installed in the fuel system, a fuel pressure gauge is also included. This gauge indicates the pressure in the fuel lines.

Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions: 1) Aircraft certification rules require what gauge to be accurate when empty? 2) Describe the purpose of a fuel pressure gauge. 3) What must be drained and tested before every flight? 4) What is the type of gas used in reciprocating aircraft? 5) Accidents attributed to powerplant failure from fuel contamination have often been traced to what various causes? Warm-Up – 2/29 – 10 minutes

Fuel Systems Fuel Strainers, Sumps and Drains The fuel system may contain sump, fuel strainer, and fuel tank drains, which may be collocated. The fuel strainer should be drained before each flight.

Fuel Systems Fuel Grades AVGAS for aircraft with reciprocating engines 100LL. Although AVGAS 100LL performs the same as grade 100, the “LL” indicates it has a low lead content.

Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions: 1) Aircraft certification rules require what gauge to be accurate when empty? 2) Describe the purpose of a fuel pressure gauge. 3) What must be drained and tested before every flight? 4) What is the type of gas used in reciprocating aircraft? 5) Accidents attributed to powerplant failure from fuel contamination have often been traced to what various causes? Warm-Up – 2/29 – 10 minutes

Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions: 1) Aircraft certification rules require what gauge to be accurate when empty? 2) Describe the purpose of a fuel pressure gauge. 3) What must be drained and tested before every flight? 4) What is the type of gas used in reciprocating aircraft? 5) Accidents attributed to powerplant failure from fuel contamination have often been traced to what various causes? Warm-Up – 2/29 – 10 minutes

Fuel Systems Fuel Contamination Accidents attributed to powerplant failure from fuel contamination have often been traced to: Inadequate preflight inspection by the pilot. Servicing aircraft with improperly filtered fuel from small tanks or drums.

Fuel Systems Fuel Contamination Storing aircraft with partially filled fuel tanks. Lack of proper maintenance.

Questions / Comments

 February — President Lyndon Johnson publicly acknowledges the existence of the Lockheed A-12 “Oxcart” Mach 3+ spy plane program and shows a picture that is actually a Lockheed YF-12A. THIS DAY IN AVIATION

 February — British Aerospace's latest “Hawk” demonstrator, Hawk Mk 102D (ZJ100), takes to the skies for the first time. It is an enhanced two-seater ground-attack version with a modified wing and incorporates many improvements to its onboard sensors and weapons system. THIS DAY IN AVIATION

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SUNDAYMONDAYTUESDAYWEDNESDAYTHURSDAYFRIDAYSATURDAY 2829 Module 4 Aircraft Systems and Maintenance Flight Instruments 1 Aircraft Systems and Maintenance Auxiliary Systems 2 Beaufort County Airport 3 Aircraft Systems and Maintenance 4 Flight line Friday Aircraft Systems QUIZ 5 67 Aircraft Systems and Maintenance 8 Aircraft Systems and Maintenance Discussion Due 9 Beaufort County Airport 10 Aircraft Systems and Maintenance Paper Due 11 Flight line Friday Aircraft Maintenance QUIZ Module 5 Aviation Safety and Security 15 Aviation Safety and Security 16 Beaufort County Airport 17 Aviation Safety and Security 18 Flight line Friday Aviation Safety and Security 22 Aviation Safety and Security 23 Beaufort County Airport 24 Aviation Safety and Security 25 Flight line Friday 26 March 2016

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Management of Aeronautical Science Module 4 Aircraft Systems and Aircraft Maintenance from a Management Standpoint © 2013 Project Lead The Way, Inc.Engineering Design and Development

Learning Objectives – Module 4 (2/22/16 – 3/13/16) Aircraft Systems from a Management Standpoint Upon successful completion of this module, you will be able to: 1For a typical aircraft, describe the functions of the structure and the flight controls. Apply aerodynamic principles to explain how flight controls control pitch, roll, and yaw. 2Define the operating principles of reciprocating and turbine engines. For reciprocating engines, illustrate proper engine operating procedures and analyze common malfunctions. 3Outline the components of a typical fuel and oil system and their functions. Explain proper management procedures for fuel and oil systems. Management of Aeronautical Science

Learning Objectives – Module 4 (2/22/16 – 3/13/16) Aircraft Systems from a Management Standpoint Upon successful completion of this module, you will be able to: 4Describe the purpose and operating principles of typical flight instruments. For primary flight instruments, give examples of redundancy and correctly interpret flight instrument indications. 5Describe auxiliary aircraft systems such as Electrical, Hydraulic, Landing Gear, Autopilot, Ice Control, Pressurization, and Oxygen; label the most important components and explain their functions. Management of Aeronautical Science

Assignments Due – Module 4 (2/22/16 – 3/13/16) Review Module 4 Instructions for the following assignments: Quiz Due - Aircraft Systems (Fri Mar 4) Discussion Board Due (Aircraft Systems/Maintenance) –(Due Tues Mar 8) Paper Due (Thurs Mar 10) - The paper should cover a manager’s perspective on one of the course topics or learning objectives. Be sure to integrate and reference the information you have learned in the materials presented in the first four modules. The paper should be a formal three- to four-page paper/essay, APA Style, grammatically sound, and free of spelling errors. Please double-space the paper for ease of reading and include a cover page with your name, date of submission, and the discussion topic. Quiz Due - Aircraft Maintenance (Fri Mar 11) Management of Aeronautical Science

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Chapter 7 – Flight Instruments FAA – Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge

 Mission:  Identify in writing how to interpret and operate flight instruments.  Describe the pilot’s ability to recognize errors and malfunctions with flight instruments.  Describe the pitot-static system and associated instruments.  Describe the vacuum system and related instruments.  Describe the gyroscopic instruments and the magnetic compass.  EQ: Describe the importance of Aeronautical Knowledge for the student pilot learning to fly. Today’s Mission Requirements

Flight Instruments In order to safely fly any aircraft, a pilot must understand how to interpret and operate the flight instruments.

Flight Instruments The pilot also needs to be able to recognize associated errors and malfunctions of these instruments.

Flight Instruments This chapter addresses the pitot-static system and associated instruments, the vacuum system and related instruments, gyroscopic instruments, and the magnetic compass.

Pitot-Static Flight Instruments The pitot-static system is a combined system that utilizes the static air pressure, and the dynamic pressure due to the motion of the aircraft through the air.

Pitot-Static Flight Instruments These combined pressures are utilized for the operation of the airspeed indicator (ASI), altimeter, and vertical speed indicator (VSI).

Pitot-Static Flight Instruments Impact Pressure Chamber and Lines Static pressure, also known as ambient pressure, is always present whether an aircraft is moving or at rest. It is simply the barometric pressure in the local area.

Pitot-Static Flight Instruments Impact Pressure Chamber and Lines Dynamic pressure is present only when an aircraft is in motion; therefore, it can be thought of as a pressure due to motion

Pitot-Static Flight Instruments Impact Pressure Chamber and Lines The pitot tube has a small opening at the front which allows the total pressure to enter the pressure chamber. (RAM AIR)

Pitot-Static Flight Instruments Impact Pressure Chamber and Lines The total pressure is made up of dynamic pressure plus static pressure.

Pitot-Static Flight Instruments Impact Pressure Chamber and Lines Both openings in the pitot tube need to be checked prior to flight to insure that neither is blocked. This helps to keep bugs and other objects from becoming lodged in the opening of the pitot tube.

Pitot-Static Flight Instruments Impact Pressure Chamber and Lines The total pressure is transmitted to the Airspeed Indicator from the pitot tube’s pressure chamber via a small tube.

Pitot-Static Flight Instruments Impact Pressure Chamber and Lines The static pressure is also delivered to the opposite side of the ASI which serves to cancel out the two static pressures, thereby leaving the dynamic pressure to be indicated on the instrument.

Pitot-Static Flight Instruments Impact Pressure Chamber and Lines The two remaining instruments (altimeter and VSI) utilize only the static pressure which is derived from the static port.

Pitot-Static Flight Instruments Static Pressure Chamber and Lines The static chamber is vented through small holes to the free undisturbed air on the side(s) of the aircraft.

Pitot-Static Flight Instruments Static Pressure Chamber and Lines An alternate static source is provided in some aircraft to provide static pressure should the primary static source become blocked. The alternate static source is normally found inside of the flight deck.

Vertical Speed Indicator (VSI) The VSI indicates whether the aircraft is climbing, descending, or in level flight. The rate of climb or descent is indicated in feet per minute (fpm). If properly calibrated, the VSI indicates zero in level flight.

Principle of Operation inside the diaphragm and the instrument case, the pressures are equal and the pointer is at the zero indication.

Principle of Operation When the aircraft climbs or descends, the pressure inside the diaphragm changes immediately, but due to the metering action of the restricted passage, the case pressure remains higher or lower for a short time, causing the diaphragm to contract or expand.

Principle of Operation This causes a pressure differential that is indicated on the instrument needle as a climb or descent.

Principle of Operation The VSI displays two different types of information: Trend information shows an immediate indication of an increase or decrease in the aircraft’s rate of climb or descent. Rate information shows a stabilized rate of change in altitude.

Principle of Operation If an aircraft is maintaining level flight and the pilot pulls back on the control yoke causing the nose of the aircraft to pitch up, the VSI needle moves upward to indicate a climb.

Principle of Operation If the pitch attitude is held constant, the needle stabilizes after a short period (6–9 seconds) and indicates the rate of climb in hundreds of fpm. The time period from the initial change in the rate of climb, until the VSI displays an accurate indication of the new rate, is called the lag.

Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions: 1) Define static pressure. 2) Define dynamic pressure. 3) Why must the pitot tube opening need to be checked before each flight? 4) Which pressure(s) is felt at the Airspeed Indicator? 5) What pressures(s) are felt at the Altimeter and the Vertical Speed Indicators? 6) Where is the static port(s) located? Warm-Up – 10/27 – 10 minutes

Altimeter The altimeter is an instrument that measures the height of an aircraft above a given pressure level. Since the altimeter is the only instrument that is capable of indicating altitude, this is one of the most vital instruments installed in the aircraft.

Principle of Operation The altimeter uses static pressure as its source of operation.

Principle of Operation Air is denser at sea level than aloft—as altitude increases, atmospheric pressure decreases. This difference in pressure at various levels causes the altimeter to indicate changes in altitude.

Principle of Operation The barometric pressure window is sometimes referred to as the Kollsman window; only after the altimeter is set does it indicate the correct altitude.

Effects of Nonstandard Pressure If altimeters could not be adjusted for nonstandard pressure, a hazardous situation could occur.

Effects of Nonstandard Pressure There is an old aviation axiom: “GOING FROM A HIGH TO A LOW, LOOK OUT BELOW.”

Altimeter Operation When the aircraft climbs or descends, changing pressure within the altimeter case expands or contracts the aneroid barometer. A decrease in pressure causes the altimeter to indicate an increase in altitude, and an increase in pressure causes the altimeter to indicate a decrease in altitude.

Questions / Comments

Management of Aeronautical Science Module 4 Aircraft Systems and Aircraft Maintenance from a Management Standpoint © 2013 Project Lead The Way, Inc.Engineering Design and Development