Kingdoms and States of Africa. Section 2. West African Empires and civilizations.

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Presentation transcript:

Kingdoms and States of Africa

Section 2. West African Empires and civilizations

Ghana

Controlled Gold, Iron and Salt Trade in the Savanna

Trade carried by Berbers

Rulers converted to Islam

Fatally damaged by Almoravids (Muslims)

Mali

Replaced Ghana as regional power

Greatest Ruler: Mansa Musa

Established city of Timbuktu

Great center of learning and trade

Mosque in Timbuktu today

Songhai Led by Sunni Ali, conquered Mali

Kingdom extended by Muhammad Ture

1591 Moroccan army with cannon crossed the desert and wiped out Songhai army

Other West African nations

Benin-- began trade with Portuguese in 1480’s

Hausa--city-states from Yoruba--city-states from

Eastern City-states and southern empires

East Coast trade cities

Powerful city-states did trade with Asia

Swahili traders

Great Cities: Mogadishu, Mombasa, Kilwa

Southern Africa and Great Zimbabwe

Stateless Societies Until 11 th Century most people in the South lived in Stateless Societies

No centralized power. Instead, power was balanced among lineage (extended family) groups usually within villages

Great Zimbabwe

Founded by Shona people in modern Zimbabwe around 1000 Became wealthy through gold trade

Abandoned around 1450

left great stone ruins

Section 3. African Society and Culture

Greatest loyalty to lineage (extended family) and clan Hampered nation- building

The Role of Women Subservient to men Lineage based on mother: matrilineal Women could inherit property

Slavery

Slavery was common throughout Africa Usually captured in wars, debtors or criminals

Not based on race Slaves not necessarily seen as inferior

Religion Monotheists, polytheists, animists (worship of nature spirits) Diviners (could foretell events

Ancestor worship Afterlife as long as lineages perform rituals

Islam existed along with other beliefs Islam became Africanized

Sources 4. Atlas of World History.Noel Grove. National Geographic TransparencyWest Pub TransparencyMcDougall Littell Transparency D. C. Heath 25. World History, Patterns of Interactions. Beck, Black et. al..McDougall Littell hiaf201/imagearchive

In North Africa, two groups of Muslim reformers founded empires.

1. 11th Cent. Almoravids controlled modern Mauritania, Morocco and part of Spain

2. Mid 1100’s Almohads took over Morocco, and part of Spain

Travels of Ibn Battuta

Ibn battuta-- Muslim Marco polo. Travelled 27 years, visiting almost all Muslim countries. Greatly impressed with Mali

Benin Salt Cellar

Mali, Songhai, Ghana

Namibian Desert

Mask from Zaire

Iron-Age terracotta mask from Nigeria Mask was smashed during ceremonies

Funerary head from Ghana

Salt miner

Oldest City 250 BC

Salt cellar from Benin