Standard Addressed: Students analyze the development of federal civil rights and voting rights. Lesson Objectives: Section 2 - The Triumphs of a Crusade 1.Identify the goal of the freedom riders. 2.Explain how civil rights activism forced President Kennedy to act against segregation. 3.State the motives of the 1963 March on Washington. 4.Describe the tactics tried by civil rights organizations to secure passage of the Voting Rights Act.

Section 2 The Triumphs of a Crusade Civil rights activists break through racial barriers. Their activism prompts landmark legislation. NEXT

JIM CROW “Injustice anywhere is an injustice everywhere” MLK

Riding for Freedom CORE’s Freedom Rides 1961, CORE tests Court decision banning interstate bus segregation Freedom riders— blacks, whites sit, use station facilities together Riders brutally beaten by Alabama mobs; one bus firebombed The Triumphs of a Crusade 2 SECTION NEXT Continued...

Riding for Freedom The Triumphs of a Crusade 2 SECTION NEXT Continued... New Volunteers Bus companies refuse to continue carrying CORE freedom riders SNCC volunteers replace CORE riders; are violently stopped Robert Kennedy pressures bus company to continue transporting riders

MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS A – What did freedom riders hope to achieve? – They hoped to call attention to the South’s refusal to abandon segregation so as to pressure the federal govt to enforce the Supreme Court’s desegregation rulings.

Alabama mob attacks freedom riders.

James Zwerg and James Peck’s were attacked by an Alabama mob, because they were freedom riders. Freedom Riders

Guided Reading 1. What was the goal of the freedom riders? To test Supreme Court decisions banning segregation on interstate bus routes and facilities in bus terminals

continued Riding for Freedom Arrival of Federal Marshals Alabama officials don’t give promised protection; mob attacks riders Newspapers throughout nation denounce beatings JFK sends 400 U.S. marshals to protect riders Attorney general, Interstate Commerce Commission act: - ban segregation in all interstate travel facilities 2 SECTION NEXT

Guided Reading 2. What was the Kennedy administration’s response? Sent U.S. marshals to protect them; Issued an order banning segregation in all interstate travel facilities

For their own protection Unlike Alabama during the first Freedom Rides, Mississippi adopted a policy of preventing attacks on the riders but arresting them.

MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS B – What events led to desegregation in Birmingham? – Days of demonstrations; – Arrest of King and others; King’s “letter from Birmingham Jail”; – More demonstration met by arrests and police violence; – Economic boycott

Standing Firm Integrating Ole Miss 1962, federal court rules James Meredith may enroll at U of MS Governor Ross Barnett refuses to let Meredith register JFK orders federal marshals to escort Meredith to registrar’s office Barnett makes radio appeal; thousands of white demonstrators riot Federal officials accompany Meredith to classes, protect his parents 2 SECTION NEXT Continued...

Meredith, center with briefcase, is escorted to the University of Mississippi campus by U.S. marshals on Oct. 1, (AP)

MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS C – Why did civil rights organizers ask their supporters to march on Washington? – To spur passage of the civil rights bill

continued Standing Firm Heading into Birmingham April 1963, SCLC demonstrate to desegregate Birmingham King arrested, writes “Letter from Birmingham Jail” TV news show police attacking child marchers— fire hoses, dogs, clubs Continued protests, economic boycott, bad press end segregation 2 SECTION NEXT

continued Standing Firm 2 SECTION NEXT Kennedy Takes a Stand June, JFK sends troops to force Gov. Wallace to desegregate U of AL Vivian Malone Jones, First Black Graduate of University of Alabama

Integrating Alabama

continued Standing Firm 2 SECTION NEXT Kennedy Takes a Stand NAACP’s Medgar Evers murdered; hung juries lead to killer’s release Medgar Wiley Evers was an African-American civil rights activist from Mississippi involved in efforts to overturn segregation at the University of Mississippi

Byron De La Beckwith, Jr. (1920 –2001) was an American white supremacist and Klansman from Greenwood, Mississippi, who in 1994 was convicted of assassinating the civil rights leader Medgar Evers on June 12, Two previous trials in 1964 on this charge had resulted in hung juries.

MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS D – Why did civil rights groups organize Freedom Summer? – They hoped to call attention to the lack of voting rights in segregationists stronghold and to promote passage of a federal voting rights act.

Marching to Washington The Dream of Equality August 1963, over 250,000 people converge on Washington Speakers demand immediate passage of civil rights bill King gives “I Have a Dream” speech 2 SECTION NEXT

Guided Reading 3. What was the goal of the march on Washington? To persuade Congress to pass Kennedy's civil rights bill

Guided Reading 4. Who attended the march? 250,000 civil rights supporters, including 75,000 whites

2 SECTION NEXT More Violence September, 4 Birmingham girls killed when bomb thrown into church

2 SECTION NEXT More Violence LBJ signs Civil Rights Act of prohibits discrimination because of race, religion, gender

2 SECTION NEXT The Civil Rights Act of 1964 (enacted July 2, 1964) is a landmark piece of civil rights legislation in the United States that outlawed: discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. It ended unequal application of voter registration requirements and racial segregation in schools, at the workplace and by facilities that served the general public (known as "public accommodations").

Fighting for Voting Rights Freedom Summer Freedom Summer—CORE, SNCC project to register blacks to vote in MS Volunteers beaten, killed; businesses, homes, churches burned 2 SECTION NEXT Continued...

Freedom Summer Project: Register African-American voters who could elect pro-civil rights legislators

Guided Reading 5. What was the goal of the Freedom Summer project? To register African-American voters who could elect pro-civil rights legislators

SNCC worker Monroe Sharp is arrested by two policemen during a voter registration drive in Greenwood, Miss., on July 16, 1964

Guided Reading 6. Who volunteered for the project? 1,000 college students; SNCC staff members

2 SECTION NEXT A New Political Party Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party formed to get seat in MS party Fannie Lou Hamer— voice of MFDP at National Convention— wins support LBJ fears losing Southern white vote, pressures leaders to compromise MFDP and SNCC supporters feel betrayed Continued...

MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS E – Why did young people in SNCC and the MFDP feel betrayed by some civil rights leaders? – Because the leader agreed to a compromise with the Johnson administration that kept most MFDP delegates from the Democratic convention.

continued Fighting for Voting Rights The Selma Campaign 1965, voting rights demonstrator killed in Selma, AL King leads 600 protest marchers; TV shows police violently stop them Second march, with federal protection, swells to 25,000 people 2 SECTION NEXT

Guided Reading 7. What role did the violence shown on television play in this march? convinced people from across the nation to join the marchers “Injustice anywhere is an injustice everywhere” MLK

Guided Reading 8. What did the march encourage President Johnson to do? To ask Congress for the swift passage of a 1965 Voting Rights bill

MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS F – In what ways was the civil rights campaign in Selma similar to the one in Birmingham? – In both the campaigns, civil rights workers encountered a violent response, – and in both cases, TV coverage of that violence helped force the federal govt to intervene.

continued Fighting for Voting Rights 2 SECTION NEXT Voting Rights Act of 1965 Congress finally passes Voting Rights Act of 1965 Stops literacy tests, allows federal officials to enroll voters Increases black voter enrollment

Guided Reading 9. What did the Voting Rights Act outlaw? Eliminated the illiteracy test; stated that federal examiners could enroll voters denied suffrage by local officials

Guided Reading 10. What did the law accomplish? Tripled the number of registered African-American voters in the South; raised the registration of eligible African-American voters in the U.S. from 10% in 1964 to 60% in 1968