Chapter 1 Humans and Civilization: Germs and Bronze W

The Spread of Homo sapiens

The Paleolithic Age  Paleolithic: 2.5 Mil to 10,000 B.C. (Old Stone Age)  No civilization (and what does that mean?) What do people spend most of their time doing? What do people spend most of their time doing? Why are their possessions so limited? Why are their possessions so limited? Why do things change so slowly? Why do things change so slowly?

The Development of Agriculture

 Starts after end of last ice age 10,000- 4,000 BC  Neolithic Revolution (New Stone Age) Development of agriculture: transition Development of agriculture: transition What plants are domesticated and why? What plants are domesticated and why?  Independent Developments: Middle East, Asia, China, Americas Middle East, Asia, China, Americas  Consequences of the development of Agriculture? A Revolution in Agriculture

 Settled in villages and towns. Why?  Development of idea of resources as property Consequences? Consequences?  Fewer people necessary for food production So what? So what?  Change in relationship of men and women Men work in the fields and herding animals Men work in the fields and herding animals Women care for children and weaving cloth Women care for children and weaving cloth Why this division?Why this division?  Domestication of animals Which animals are domesticated and what for? Which animals are domesticated and what for? Consequences of Agriculture

Neolithic “Discoveries”  Writing So what? So what?  Metal Better tools and weapons Better tools and weapons Why is bronze better than copper? Why is bronze better than copper? Leads to “Bronze Age” Leads to “Bronze Age”

 Beginning of the Bronze Age ( )  What geographical features do we associate with civilization? Why? Why?  What are the characteristics of Civilization? Emergence of Civilization

Sumerian Society  90% of the population were farming peasants.  Trade in the eastern Mediterranean and as far east as India. Why is trade important? Why is trade important?  First Social Stratification— Nobles—royalty and priests and their families. Nobles—royalty and priests and their families. Commoners—farmers (90% of the population) Commoners—farmers (90% of the population) Slaves—owned almost entirely by nobles and very richest farmers. Slaves—owned almost entirely by nobles and very richest farmers.

Hammurabi’s Code  The Amorite Hammurabi of Babylon systematically codified the laws of his kingdom (amalgamation of older informal laws).  Based on the principle of retribution. Why not rehabilitation? Why not rehabilitation? Hammurabi's Code The Louvre, Paris

Features of Hammurabi’s Code  The Code put strict burdens on Public officials Public officials Merchants and contractors Merchants and contractors  Many laws dealing with Land ownership and rental. Land ownership and rental. Land and water use. Land and water use. Marriage and sexual relations Marriage and sexual relations Why? Why?  Laws differentiated people based on Social class Social class Gender Gender Age Age  What do these laws tell us about Mesopotamian culture and society?

Mesopotamian Offshoot: Israel  Saul first King (c B.C.)  David reunited the Israelites, defeated the Philistines and established control over all of Palestine conquers Jerusalem and establishes capital there. conquers Jerusalem and establishes capital there. reigns for 30 years; strengthened the structure of the nation reigns for 30 years; strengthened the structure of the nation Rubens: David vs. Goliath

The United Kingdom, Cont.  Solomon (c B.C.), David’s son does even more to strengthen royal power. Strengthens military and broadens trade. does even more to strengthen royal power. Strengthens military and broadens trade. Builds the Temple in Jerusalem; becomes symbolic center of religion and Kingdom Builds the Temple in Jerusalem; becomes symbolic center of religion and Kingdom Temple housed the Ark of the Covenant. Temple housed the Ark of the Covenant. Significance of Ark? Significance of Ark? Wailing Wall: Modern remnant of Temple in Jerusalem

The Divided Kingdom  Rehoboam and Jeroboam: Israel: capital at Samaria Israel: capital at Samaria Judah: capital at Jerusalem Judah: capital at Jerusalem  722 B.C. Assyrians overran the kingdom of Israel 10 lost tribes of Israel 10 lost tribes of Israel Judah survives, but pays tribute Judah survives, but pays tribute  c. 530 B.C. Persians take over until Alex the Great Persians allowed Hebrews to return to Jerusalem and rebuild their city and Temple Persians allowed Hebrews to return to Jerusalem and rebuild their city and Temple  Why do we care?

Ancient Palestine and the Jewish Kingdoms

 Achaemenid dynasty Cyrus ( B.C.) most important King Cyrus ( B.C.) most important King Created empire Created empire Policies? Policies? Darius ( B.C.) Darius ( B.C.) Extends Empire Extends Empire Loses to Greeks at Marathon. Loses to Greeks at Marathon. Civil Administration and the Military Civil Administration and the Military SatrapsSatraps ImmortalsImmortals The Persian Empire

The Assyrian and Persian Empires