PRESENTED BY:- REENA SWAMI IV YEAR EC GUIDED BY:- MS. ANSHU TOSHNIWAL One Moment Please...

15,000-20,000 landmine victims per year By comparison, average of 700 annual deaths and 2,200 injuries due to terrorism over past decade 70% of victims are civilians One-third die Others lose limbs and/or vision

Solving the Problem: Good News and Bad News Good news: 100,000 mines cleared each year Bad news: Clearing the 50 million existing mines will take 500 years and $14-50 billion Despite global ban, 1 million new mines are laid annually Thus, problem is getting worse: 10 times more mines are laid than cleared each year Potential good news: Innovative mine detection technologies could significantly accelerate demining and decrease costs

ANTI-PERSONNEL – DESIGNED TO KILL OR MAIM DISMOUNTED TROOPS ANTI-TANK - DESIGNED TO DESTROY OR DISABLE TRACK OR WHEELED VEHICLES CHEMICAL - DESIGNED TO DISPENSE SMOKE, CS OR MORE DANGEROUS BIOLOGICAL OR CHEMICAL AGENTS

... But Mine Detection Technology Has Not Improved Mine Detection Tool Kit Metal detector Pointed stick

Metal Detectors Do Not Find All Mines Percentage of mines found

1.Electromagnetic methods 2.Acoustic/seismic methods 3.Chemical vapor detection methods 4.Bulk explosives detection methods

Electromagnetic Methods TechnologyPrinciple Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) Reflects radio waves off mine Electrical impedance tomography Determines electrical conductivity distribution X-ray backscatterImages mine with x-rays InfraredAssesses temperature, light reflectance

The impulse GPR system Impulse generator tx processor Visual display A/D convertor Pulse extender rx landmine

Low-metal mines Metal mine Mine Response to Ground-Penetrating Radar

X-RAY BACKSCATTER When X-rays pass through matter they will be attenuated, i.e. absorbed or scattered. The probability of scattering in the back direction. This probability depends inversely on the absorption power of the material to the incident and to the backscattered x rays. Organic materials typically absorb only a small fraction of the x rays, so that the scatter probability is high. Metals typically are strongly absorbing, and the scatter probability is low. Thus, organic materials are bright and metallic objects are dark in the image

capabilities and advantages : 1. The information depth is sufficient to detect all regularly placed mines. 2. XBT is able to detect metal-free landmines. 3. landmines buried in a variety of soil conditions including various types of vegetation will be detected with XBT.

TechnologyPrinciple AcousticReflects sound waves off mines

1.Acoustic-to-seismic wave-coupling approach to detect buried land mines. Acoustic sound waves penetrate the soil surface to generate seismic waves within the soil. 1.These seismic waves cause the mine to vibrate and resonate, producing a displacement velocity field at the ground surface above the mine. This displacement can be measured by a laser vibrometer or UHF radar

Mine Blank Frequency (Hz) Amplitude (m/s  )

Well-Trained Dogs Are Most Sensitive Vapor Sensors If honeybees can be trained to seek the chemical components of explosives, the ability to track bees and analyze their hives could help pinpoint landmines or unexploded ammunition on firing ranges or old battlefields Biological detector

Bulk Explosives Detection Methods TechnologyPrinciple Nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) Radio frequency pulse causes nuclei in explosives molecules to resonate

Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance (NQR), a derivative of NMR, is a bulk inspection technology which can be used to detect certain chemical elements which have a magnetic dipole moment. Amongst these is nitrogen-14 ( 14 N) which is a major constituent of explosives used in landmines, such as RDX and TNT. NQR has been described as "an electromagnetic resonance screening technique with the specificity of chemical spectroscopy" as it not only detects but can be used to identify the exact chemical compound used. Nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR)

Detection process Before stimulation RF field is applied After excitation is removed

NQR Prototype

There’s No Silver Bullet: All Detectors Have False Alarms TechnologyPrimary False-Alarm Sources GPRRoots and rocks Water pockets AcousticHollow objects (soda cans) Chemical vapor detectors Explosives residues Natural vapors Nuclear quadrupole resonance AM radio stations and other sources of radio waves

RAND Study Conclusion: Multi-Sensor System Is Needed Each innovative technology has false alarms and false negatives Combining sensors would decrease false alarms and false negatives Combined sensor system could employ recent advances in signal processing capability

Other Applications Airport Security The same technology used in nuclear LMD can also be used to scan luggage in airports This technology will allow faster and far more accurate scanning of luggage

References