DNA Basics Chp 14 Review of what you learned in biology DeoxyriboNucleic Acid
DNA Basics Chp 14 Review of what you learned in biology Plus More DeoxyriboNucleic Acid Summary of DNA structure and experiments 14 mins
DNA is made of units called nucleotides
Nucleotides are in 3 parts Nitrogen Base Phosphate Sugar (deoxyribose)
There are 4 Nitrogen Bases in DNA A – Adenine T – Thymine G – Guanine C – Cytosine
There are 2 types of Nitrogen Bases Purines – Adenine and Guanine double ring Pyrimidines – Thymine and Cytosine single ring
Base Pairing The nitrogen bases bond together with weak hydrogen bonds A only bonds to T C only bonds to G
Example sequence A - T - C - G -
Example sequence A - T T - C - G -
Example sequence A - T T - A C - G -
Example sequence A - T T - A C - G G -
Example sequence A - T T - A C - G G - C
Bonding of Base pairs A-T has 2 hydrogen bonds C-G has 3 hydrogen bonds
Genetic code The chains of nucleotides form a sequence which is the genetic code which determines all protien structure
DNA Structure DNA is a two sided molecule that forms a twisted ladder structure called a double helix
DNA “Ladder” Model Rungs (steps) of the ladder are the base pairs connected with weak hydrogen bonds Sides of the ladder are the phosphates and the sugars (deoxyribose) connected with strong covalent bonds like a backbone
Discovery of DNA True or false Watson and Crick discovered DNA. FALSE. They were the first to publish the double helix structure They built on other ideas, including Franklin’s x-rays, and Pauling’s triple helix
Chargaff 1950 Discovered the four base pairs AT and CG and found the ratio of T to A was always the same as was C and G
Rosalind Franklin 1952 Used X-ray diffraction which suggested DNA had helix structure before Watson &Crick
Maurice Wilkins 1952 Also worked with Franklin. Helped her in X-ray diffraction
Hershey and Chase 1953 “Blender Experiment” Proved Nucleic acids carried genetic code, not protein
Hershey and Chase 1953 Used radioactive P and S in virus’ P is only in Nucleic acids. S is only in protein Infected e-coli with viruses with either P or S Radioactive P transferred showing code from DNA Radioactive S, did not transfer showing code not in protein
Watson and Crick 1954 Got Noble prize for discovering the Double Helix of DNA structure
Francis Crick 1955 Came up with Central Dogma DNA makes RNA and RNA makes protein
Meselson-Stahl 1957 Showed DNA replicates by splitting in half and each side is duplicated A-T C-G
DNA Replication DNA duplicates itself before mitosis This occurs in the S phase of cell cycle
3 possible models of replication a) Conservative – whole DNA replicated b) Dispersive – separate sections c) Semi-conservative – splits then duplicates Which One?
Semi conservative model The two DNA strands split before replication
The Meselson-Stahl experiment –Showed that DNA is replicated semi-conservatively DNA containing "heavy nitrogen" (15N) can be distinguished from DNA containing "light nitrogen" (14N)
3 rd generation half medium, half light
DNA Replication Video s/TromboneFINALd.swfhttp:// s/TromboneFINALd.swf Show beginning
Bonding direction 3’ carbon bonds to the 5’ of next ribose with phosphate in between
Replication direction rules 1)Moves - Replication always moves 5’ to 3’ 2)Read - Strand is always READ 3’to 5’
Two sides of DNA Leading strand replicates forward 5’ to 3’ Lagging strand replicates backwards one segment at a time 5’ to 3’
Prokaryotic replication Bacteria have circular DNA Replication is in both directions Uses enzyme gyrase to unwind
Origins of replication Where replication begins Replication fork
Replisome All the enzymes needed for replication in a single package
Proof reader enzymes DNA must be replicated perfectly so the new cells that form are identical There are proofreader polymerase enzymes to ensure copies are made correctly
Key ENZYMES There are many more Helicase – Breaks apart the DNA strands Primase – Builds a short RNA primer Polymerase – Elongates DNA strand by Attaching new nucleotides can only read in 3’ to 5’ direction Elongates in the 5’ to 3’ direction
Direction of DNA replication always 5’ to 3’ Leading strand - side made continuously in one direction Lagging strand – Side made away from replication fork
Okazaki Fragments Short segments of DNA that make lagging strand
Ligase Enzyme that connects Okazaki fragments
End of replication problem Removal of RNA primer leaves gap Telomeres – non coding repetitions at end Telomerase enzymes that lengthen telomeres
Telomeres PROTECT ends of Chromosome If telomeres did not wear away, some scientists think it would prolong life
DNA Replication Video s/TromboneFINALd.swfhttp:// s/TromboneFINALd.swf