1 Chapter 28 The Reproductive Systems

Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e2 INTRODUCTION  Anatomy: Scrotum, testis, epididymus, vas deferens, prostate, penis, ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus  Physiology: Sexual reproduction is a process in which 2 organisms produce offspring through gametes (sex cells).

Careers  Gynecology is the specialized branch of medicine concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the female reproductive system.  Urology is the study of the urinary system but also includes diagnosis and treatment of diseases and disorders of the male reproductive system.

Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e4 Cis Male Reproduction  The scrotum is a sack of skin that supports the testes; internally.  Temperature sperm survival requires 3 degrees lower temperature than core body temperature

Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e5 Testes  The testes, or testicles, are paired oval- shaped glands in the scrotum.  The testes contain seminiferous tubules in which sperm cells are made.

Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e6 Spermatogenesis - Introduction  Spermatogenesis is the process by which the seminiferous tubules of the testes produce haploid sperm.  Diploid cells (46 chromosomes) go through meiosis to produce 4 haploid sperm cells (23 chromosomes each).  Each sperm cells is unique and different from the parent cell and the other sperm cells.

Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e7 Sperm  Adapted for reaching & penetrating an egg  They are produced at the rate of about 300 million per day  Once ejaculated, have a life expectancy of hours within the female reproductive tract.

Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e8 Epididymis  Comma-shaped organ that lies along the posterior border of the testis.  Sperm mature (14 days) and can be stored for up to a month.  If not used, they are reabsorbed into the body.

Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e9 Vas deferens  Or seminal duct, stores sperm and propels them toward the urethra during ejaculation.  It is 18 inches long.

Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e10 The prostate gland  Is a donut shaped gland about the size of a golf ball which is behind the bladder.  It secretes a milky, slightly acidic fluid

Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e11 Semen Statistics  Mixture of sperm & seminal fluid slightly alkaline, milky appearance, sticky  Typical ejaculate is 2.5 to 5 ml in volume  Normal sperm count is 50 to 150 million/ml  Coagulates within 5 minutes  Reliquifies in 15 minutes  Semen fertility analysis----bad news if sperm show lack of forward motility, low count or abnormal shapes.

Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e12 Penis  The penis contains the urethra and is a passageway for the ejaculation of semen  Body composed of three erectile tissue masses

Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e13 Cis Female Reproduction  Includes: -Ovaries (gonads) –Uterine (Fallopian) tubes -Uterus -Vagina -Vulva -Mammary glands

Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e14 Ovaries  Paired glands the size of almonds.  Located in the upper pelvic cavity, on either side of the uterus.  Ovaries produce eggs and release hormones.

Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e15 Oogenesis  Oogenesis occurs in the ovaries, where one cell undergoes meiosis to produce four immature eggs (this happens BEFORE birth).

Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e16 Ovulation  Baby girls born with 400,000 immature eggs.  400 will mature and be released over her life.  An egg is released once per cycle, around day 15.  Eggs remain viable for hours post release from the ovary.

Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e17 Uterine or Fallopian Tubes  Narrow, 4-inch tube extends from each ovary to uterus  Can be called fallopian tubes, oviducts, or uterine tubes.

Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e18 Uterus  The uterus (womb) is an organ the size and shape of an inverted pear  Facilitates: -Transportation of spermatozoa -Menstruation -Implantation of a fertilized ovum, -Development of a fetus during pregnancy -labor.

Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e19 Anatomy of the Uterus 3 inches long by 2 in. wide and 1 in. thick  subdivided fundus body isthmus cervix

Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e20 Blood Supply  Blood is supplied to the uterus by the uterine arteries and their numerous branches and is drained by the uterine veins

Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e21 Vagina  Passageway for sperm and menstrual flow  Receptacle of the penis during sexual intercourse  Lower portion of the birth canal  4 inch long fibromuscular organ ending at cervix  In front of the rectum, behind the bladder

Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e22  Modified sweat glands  Milk-secreting glands  Areola is pigmented area around nipple  Essential functions: Synthesis of milk Secretion and ejection of milk - lactation. Mammary Glands

Name CauseSymptomsSusceptibilityTreatmentPrognosis Hysterectomy Vasectomy Amenorrhea Dysmenorrhea Ovarian Cysts Testicular Cancer Prostate Cancer Erectile Dysfunction Endometriosis Breast Cancer Aging Disease and Disorder

Class Project Choice project! Solo project Write a 4 paragraph essay: –The anatomy of your reproductive system –The physiology of your reproductive system –How the reproductive system contributes to homeostasis –How YOUR project shows the structure and function of reproductive system Due 5/25 + 5/26