Strategic Overview Dr. Jeff McCausland

Fundamental Questions Why Gettysburg? “In great deeds something abides. On great fields something stays. Forms change and pass, bodies disappear, but spirits linger, to consecrate ground for the vision of place of souls. And reverent men and women from afar, and generations that we know not of, heart-drawn to see where and by whom great things were suffered and done for them, shall come to this deathless field, to ponder and dream….” “In great deeds something abides. On great fields something stays. Forms change and pass, bodies disappear, but spirits linger, to consecrate ground for the vision of place of souls. And reverent men and women from afar, and generations that we know not of, heart-drawn to see where and by whom great things were suffered and done for them, shall come to this deathless field, to ponder and dream….” --Colonel Joshua Chamberlain Dedication of the 20 th Maine Monument, 1889 How Gettysburg?

Primary Leadership Competencies VisionVision ManagementManagement EmpowermentEmpowerment DiplomacyDiplomacy FeedbackFeedback EntrepreneurialEntrepreneurial Personal StylePersonal Style Personal EnergyPersonal Energy Multi-cultural awarenessMulti-cultural awareness Dr. David Campbell, Center for Creative Leadership

The United States in 1860 A Period of Change Social change – immigration and slavery.Social change – immigration and slavery. Technological change – railroads, telegraphs, balloons, new weaponry.Technological change – railroads, telegraphs, balloons, new weaponry. Governmental change – the role of the Federal government was changed forever.Governmental change – the role of the Federal government was changed forever.

-- Third Year of the War -- Strategic Initiative (USA/CSA?) France and England recognition(?) Impact of the Emancipation Proclamation -- Union Support for the War (?) Peace Movement -- Southern Resolve Unshaken(!)

NORTH Preservation/Restoration of the Union SOUTH Independence Slavery

South - Defensive (Exhaust the North)South - Defensive (Exhaust the North) –Perimeter Defense –Limited Offensives: “Offensive Defensive” North - Offensive (Defeat the South by force of arms)North - Offensive (Defeat the South by force of arms) –“Anaconda Plan” – “On to Richmond!” and control the Mississippi...

UnionUnion –Armies encircle the South –Naval Blockade Confederate StatesConfederate States –Lee at Fredericksburg (Operational Pause) –Bragg in Tennessee –Johnston in Mississippi –Pemberton surrounded at Vicksburg

Confederate States –Reinforce Tennessee –Reinforce Vicksburg –Davis’ home –Invade Pennsylvania** **17 May Richmond conference

Objectives –Strategic - Bring about a political settlement, or foreign Intervention –Operational - Sever Union LOCs across the Susquehana River –Tactical - Accept battle, if obtainable under favorable conditions –Feed the Army… –Seize the initiative...

Confederate - Robert E. Lee –Army of Northern Virginia (75,000) –3 Infantry Corps (~20K ea) –1 Cavalry Division –Artillery (272) Stuart Army of Northern Virginia LongstreetJackson Stuart Army of Northern Virginia LongstreetEwellA.P. Hill

Lee USMA 1829 Longstreet USMA 1842 Ewell USMA 1840 A.P. Hill USMA 1847 Stuart USMA 1854

–Gettysburg – Contest the crossroads –Defensive Emmittsburg, Maryland (Challenge Lee to attack) –Fall back to better position between Washington and Confederate Army (Pipe’s Creek) Meade’s Options

Union - Joseph Hooker (G.G. Meade – 28 June) –Army of the Potomac (95,000) –7 Infantry Corps (~10K ea) –1 Cavalry Corps –Artillery (362) Army of the Potomac ArtilleryCavalry I-Reynolds II-Hancock III-Sickles V-Sykes VI-Sedgwick XI-Howard XIISlocum

Meade USMA 1835 Reynolds I USMA ‘41 Hancock II USMA ‘44 Sickles III Sykes V USMA ‘42 Sedgewick VI USMA ‘37 Howard XI USMA ‘54 Slocum XII USMA ‘52

Day 1 - Meeting Engagement Day 2 - CSA Attack in the South Day 3 - CSA Attack in the Center Day 4 – Stalemate Day 5 - Lee Retreats

Battle of Gettysburg July 1-3, 1863

Casualties –North: 3200 KIA, 14,500 WIA, 5300 MIA 23,000 of 95,00023,000 of 95,000 –South: 2600 KIA, 13,000 WIA, 5200 MIA 21,800 of 75,00021,800 of 75,000 Confederates Repulsed = Northern Victory*

What Could Have Been…Combined with Vicksburg...What Could Have Been…Combined with Vicksburg... Southern hopes of foreign intervention...Southern hopes of foreign intervention... Support for the War in the North revived...Support for the War in the North revived... Lee’s Army escapes to fight on...Lee’s Army escapes to fight on... Reputations of Meade and Lee...Reputations of Meade and Lee...

Gettysburg Address ….“a new birth of freedom…”Gettysburg Address ….“a new birth of freedom…” A Change in the Nature of the WarA Change in the Nature of the War –Battles Not Decisive –“Total War” Revolution in Military Affairs –Railroads and Telegraph

Commander’s (Boss’s) Intent/Vision? Political landscape? Common Understanding throughout? How do you get your information? What’s changed?? How to adapt? Who are your key subordinates? Who are the players outside your organization? Impact of experience/significant events? Risk? How much is enough? How much can we stand? Leadership Issues/Challenges

Final Points to Consider Leadership deals with adapting to change…Leadership deals with adapting to change… Beware ego and hubris…Beware ego and hubris… Time is the one variable that you can never increase. When you make a decision may be as important as the decision you make.Time is the one variable that you can never increase. When you make a decision may be as important as the decision you make.

Questions??? “Leadership is the art of accomplishing more than the science of management says is possible.” -- Colin Powell SGT Amos Humiston Frank, Freddie and Alice Humiston