 Bosnia-Herzegovina - an estimated 100,000 people were killed, 80 percent of whom were Bosnian Muslims  Burma - Long considered one of the world’s most persecuted peoples, the Muslim Rohingya have no legal status in Burma and face severe discrimination, abuse, and escalating violence.  Cambodia - Ethnic minorities faced particular persecution  Central African Republic - What began in 2013 as political violence initiated by rebel groups opposing the government of the Central African Republic has taken on a religious dimension  Dem. Rep. of Congo - Ethnic hostility, much of it echoes from the Rwandan genocide, and fed by inter-group violence, has produced an environment where groups fear their entire existence is under threat  Rwanda - from April to July 1994, between 500,000 and one million Rwandans, predominantly Tutsis, were massacred when a Hutu extremist–led government launched a plan to wipe out the country’s entire Tutsi minority  South Sudan - intercommunal violence continues to be widespread, due to a range of issues—the availability of weapons, ethnic tensions among armed groups, corruption, and limited economic opportunities  Sudan - Arab-dominated government of Sudan, centered in the capital Khartoum, has tried to impose its control on the country’s African minorities  Syria - What started as a democratic uprising has now become an overtly sectarian conflict in which civilians are targeted for atrocities based upon their religious and ethnic identity

 Find one piece of evidence that international institutions DID make a difference to this conflict  Find another piece of evidence that international institutions did NOT make a difference to this conflict  Find at least 2 pieces of evidence that racial identities (not national identities) play important roles as deep causes of conflict  Find at least 1 piece of evidence that realism explains better than our other 2 theories

Burundi / Rwanda / Oregon 10k mi2 10k mi2 100k mi2 $270 $640 $50,000

 Seeds of Genocide Seeds of Genocide  On Edge of Horror On Edge of Horror  All Hell Breaks Loose All Hell Breaks Loose  Killing Continues Killing Continues  Evil on Trial Evil on Trial

 Evidence that international institutions DID make a difference to this conflict  Evidence that international institutions did NOT make a difference to this conflict  Evidence that racial identities (not national identities) play important roles as deep causes of conflict  Evidence that realism explains better than our other 2 theories

 When is intervention appropriate?  What moral obligations do we have when faced with something like the Rwanda genocide?  Is it immoral to send American/UN soldiers to Rwanda to kill (and be killed by) Hutu soldiers and militias?  Is it immoral to NOT send American/UN soldiers to Rwanda?  What about intervening in Iraq under Saddam Hussein? The Democratic Republic of the Congo or Sudan today?

 A government military commits systematic rape during war  A government fails to prevent rapes known to be a systematic problem in a society during peacetime  A government punishes those who do not follow certain reproductive rules  A religion punishes those who do not follow certain reproductive rules  A government forces young women to submit to genital mutilation  Men in society force young women to submit to genital mutilation  Women in society force young women to submit to genital mutilation

 Military force?  Economic sanctions?  Diplomacy?  Social change and mobilization?  Education? Bi-directional (do Westerners get educated as well as educate)? Are our minds open to change?  For what problems do you use which of these?