Air Quality in EEA and EECCA Europe’s Environment assessment report, th Europe’s Environment assessment report, 2007 (‘the Belgrade report’) Hans Eerens ETC/ACC Jaroslav Fiala European Environment Agency

Air Quality in EEA and EECCA part of the Environment and Health chapter DPSIR casual chain applied throughout the chapter Progress in air quality protection policy (D) CLRTAP EU air quality policy EECCA Environmental strategy Atmospheric Emissions (P) Emission trends Emission by topic and sector Emission per capita in European and EECCA countries Outdoor air quality (S) Trends of health related air pollution Particulate matter and toxic pollutants Air pollution in EECCA region Impact of air pollution (I) Health impact Acidification and eutrophication Impact of ground level ozone on vegetation Prospects (R) Thematic Strategy on Air Pollution – revision of NECD Challenges for the Convention Document open for consultation (until 3 December 2006) :

Conclusions – Highlighted Key Messages In NWE, air pollution, mainly by fine particles and ground level ozone, continues to pose a significant threat to human health by shortening average life expectancy by almost one year and affecting the healthy development of children. In EECCA, the poor quality of the data precludes in-depth assessment of the state of air quality and its consequences. However, the data available indicate that the main health threats from air pollution are also from small particles and their toxic constituents. Emissions and exposures to the public and ecosystems in NWE are projected to fall significantly by 2020 as a result of the continuing systematic and concerted efforts being paid to air pollution problems. Emissions in EECCA are expected to rise. Stronger efforts will be needed to achieve levels of air quality that do not pose significant threats to human health and the environment

Atmospheric emissions – trends Atmospheric emissions – trends (P) Trend emissions Europe by sub-region, : official country reports to UN/ECE- EMEP, projection The emissions of all pollutants have decreased since 1990 for NWE and EECCA, but not in SEE. (Discontinuity between 2004 (reported) and 2005 (projected) due to different sources of data) The same trend has occurred for acidifying and eutrophying substances, with reductions of 47% and 30% since 1990

Outdoor air quality Particulate matter in EEA and EECCA region Outdoor air quality (S) Particulate matter in EEA and EECCA region Annual PM10 urban concentrations, calculated by GMAPS and monitored PM10 concentrations in EEA countries, averaged through urban background stations, and TSP concentrations monitored in EECCA. GMAPS: Global Model of Ambient Particulate Matter Concentrations in Residential and Pollution Hotspot areas of World Cities (Pandey, et al.,2005) TSP concentrations in EECCA countries are quite high comparing with the modelled data. Generally applied sampling procedure - 20 minutes three or four times a day - seem to lead to rather unreliable, and to some extent systematically overestimated observations. Nevertheless, modelled as well as observed PM data indicate that the pollution levels in the cities of most of the EECCA countries are high with corresponding health effects to the population in these cities.

attributed to anthropogenic contributions to PM 2.5 (months) Loss in statistical life expectancy Emission levels: 2000 Source: IIASA; TSAP, DG Env projected emission for 2020 Thematic Strategy

Prospects in UNECE region Future progress in air quality protection in the EECCA and UNECE region could be connected with envisaged progress of the Convention (Revision process Gothenburg protocol has started). PM air pollution strategy of CLRTAP requires to set both national emission ceilings for anthropogenic emissions of primary particles and also to further lower the existing emissions ceilings for PM precursors. To determine progress and assess health effects priority air pollutants, as recommended by WHO, a renewed monitoring and reporting strategy in ECCA countries, as shown in pilot studies, will improve information to policy makers to support decisions.

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