How did WWI start? Assassination: A leading cause of the great war was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary Nationalism: Much of the origin of the war was based on the desire of the Slavic peoples in Bosnia and Herzegovina to no longer be part of Austria- Hungary but instead be part of Serbia. Imperialism: Before World War 1, Africa and parts of Asia were points of contention (argument) amongst the European countries. This was especially true because of the raw materials these areas could provide. The increasing competition and desire for greater empires led to an increase in confrontation that helped push the world into World War I. Mutual defense alliances: -Russia and Serbia -Germany and Austria-Hungary -France and Russia -Britain and France and Belgium -Japan and Britain Militarism As the world entered the 20th century, an arms race had begun. By 1914, Germany had the greatest increase in military buildup. Great Britain and Germany both greatly increased their navies in this time period.

World War I 1914 – World War I began, but the U.S. remained neutral (stayed out of the war) German submarines sank ship (the Lusitania) carrying American passengers. This forces the U.S. into the war! In April, President Woodrow Wilson officially declares war against Germany.

The Lusitania

Lusitania Headlines– NY Times

The Zimmerman Telegram German diplomat, Arthur Zimmerman, sent a secret-code telegram to Mexico. In telegram, Germany promised to help Mexico regain its “lost territories” of Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico in exchange for its support. News reaches the U.S. and Texas; they are furious!

Texas and World War I About 200,000 U.S. troops are Texans. 25% are African Americans. Texas is excellent for training troops because of wide open spaces and many connecting railroad networks. Training camps include: 1.Kelly Field in San Antonio – world’s largest flight training school 2.Camp Logan near Houston 3.other camps in Waco, Fort Worth, San Antonio

“Rainbow” Division T he 42 division of Texas was know as the “rainbow” division due to the diversity of the men. Organized in 1917 it was the first National Guard division to go overseas, it was composed of National Guard Units from 26 States, (Texas furnishing about 18,000 men). At first it was commanded by Major General John Greble but then given to Chief of Staff Major Douglas MacArthur. During training in the United States, they were trained in trench warfare, but mostly fought on the field. When the division landed in France they were not only short on equipment but also short in numbers and strength, having landed with fifteen hundred less men. During their 457 days of service, they had 264 days of combat operations and in total lost about 12,000 men

Texas Soldiers in the War The War caused significant changes for Texas soldiers. 1. many got health and dental care for the first time. 2. many had never before traveled outside of Texas. 3. many received more education and specialized training.

Texans Support the War at Home Texans encouraged to “Do your bit” at home to support troops by: 1.buying war bonds and liberty loans 2. buying war stamps 3. giving to the Red Cross 4. ration food supplies

Economic Impact on Texas Women began to join the workforce to help manufacture the products needed for war. Food was rationed, or limited wheatless Mondays and Wednesdays meatless Tuesdays porkless Thursdays and Saturdays fat and sugar conserved every day

Wartime Prosperity in Texas Businesses, industries, farmers, and ranchers prospered during the War because they produced many things for the troops. Items included: 1. cotton and wool = tents, uniforms 2. leather = boots 3. meat/grain = food supplies 4. petroleum industry = gas, lubricants for machinery Farmers, ranchers went into debt to expand farms for wartime production.

Social Impact Nearly 500 Texas women served as WWI nurses. Approximately 5,000 Texans gave their lives in WWI service. Texans on the “home front” Rationed Sacrificed comforts Volunteered for the Red Cross

Results of WWI -Deaths: 116,526 (U.S.) -The Allied Powers (U.S., Britain, France, Italy, Japan) defeated the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire) after four long years of fighting ( ). -A League of Nations was formed to help prevent a future world war (which failed). The United Nations after WWII succeeded. -Independent republics of Austria, Czechoslovakia, Estonia, Hungary, Lithuania, and Turkey were formed. -The Communist Bolsheviks took power in Russia in 1917 and formed the Soviet Union.

"The Americans who went to Europe to die are a unique breed.... (They) crossed the seas to a foreign land to fight for a cause which they did not pretend was peculiarly their own, which they knew was the cause of humanity and mankind. These Americans gave the greatest of all gifts, the gift of life and the gift of spirit." - Woodrow Wilson President of the United States 1913 to 1921

Ku Klux Klan Ku Klux Klan was a secret anti-minority organization formed during Reconstruction; very resistant to ongoing changes in society Used violence against victims (African Americans, Jews, Catholics) 1920s – very influential in Texas politics Many Texans fed up with Klan’s violence and elected anti-Klan Miriam “Ma” Ferguson as Governor. First woman to be elected Governor in Texas!

KKK Washington D.C. March in 1925

Urban Texas 1920s - Texas changed from a rural, agricultural state to an urban one in which people had more leisure time. Most homes now had: 1. electricity, phone service 2. refrigerators, electric appliances 3. washing machines, irons, vacuums

Houston 1928 – looking Northwest

Houston – Main Texas Avenue – late 1920s

San Jacinto High School vs. Reagan High School Football Game

Women and Equality 1920s – living, working conditions improved for most white women in Texas; limited jobs, opportunities remained for African, Mexican American women. More women entered politics now. Jane McCallum held powerful posts in Democratic Party and was Texas Secretary of State under 2 governors.

On-Level Questions 1.How many Texans fought in WWI? How many died in WWI? 2.Why was Texas a good location for military training camps? 3.Describe 4 ways that Texans supported the War on the home front. 4.How did WWI change the lives of soldiers for the better? 5.How did WWI affect African-American soldiers? 6.Describe ways that WWI helped increase wartime prosperity for farmers, ranchers, oil and gas and lumber industries. (be specific to each profession and/or industry) 7.Who was the Ku Klux Klan and what did they support/who were they against? 8.Who was the first woman elected as governor of Texas and when was she elected? 9.What kind of improvements at home did most Texans experience in the 1920s? 10.How did the 1920s affect most women at work and home? What effects did they have on African-American, Mexican-American women?

Pre-AP Questions 1.How many Texans fought in WWI? How many died in WWI? 2.Why were so many military training installations located in Texas? 3.Describe 6 things that Texans did to support the War on the home front. 4.Describe 4 examples of how WWI changed the lives of soldiers. 5.Describe 3 examples of how WWI affected African-American soldiers. 6.How were African-American soldiers treated in Europe? 7. Describe ways that WWI helped increase wartime prosperity for farmers, ranchers, oil and gas and lumber industries. 8.Describe how and why the Ku Klux Klan became so powerful in Texas in the 1920s. 9.Who was the first woman governor of Texas and when was she elected? How was the KKK influential in her winning the election? 10.How did population changes affect Texas in the 1920s?