© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. The Oceans and Climate Change Chapter 1 Clickers Essentials of Oceanography Eleventh Edition Alan P. Trujillo Harold V. Thurman Chapter 16 Lecture

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Atmosphere’s Greenhouse Effect Global warming increase in Earth’s global temperatures Greenhouse effect keeps Earth’s surface habitable

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Earth’s Heat Budget addition to, or subtraction from, heat on Earth

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Greenhouse Gases Water vapor –Most important –66–85% of greenhouse effect Carbon dioxide –Natural part of atmosphere –Greatest relative contribution from human activities = Burning of fossil fuels

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Greenhouse Gases Methane –Second most abundant human- caused greenhouse gas –Great warming power per molecule –Landfill decomposition –Cattle

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Ice Core Data

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Ice Core Data

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Changes from Global Warming Melting glaciers and ice caps Shorter winters Species distribution shifts Global temperature rise Sea surface temperature increases

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Changes from Global Warming The 8 warmest years have occurred since 1998 Earth’s surface temperature has risen 0.8°C (1.4°F) in past 140 years.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Changes from Global Warming Predicted Changes: Earlier, hotter summers More severe droughts in some places, flooding in others Retreat of mountain glaciers Water contamination issues Ecosystem changes and extinctions

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Scenarios for the Future

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Changes in the Oceans 1.Increasing ocean temperatures 2.Increased hurricane activity 3.Changes in deep ocean water circulation 4.Polar Ice Melting = loss of albedo (reflection) 5.Ocean acidity increasing 6.Rising sea level 7.Reduced dissolved oxygen = marine dead zones 8.Change in ocean productivity 9.Marine organisms unable to adapt to temperature change

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Global Sea Level Rise

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Reducing Greenhouse Gases Human emissions contributing excessive CO 2 Global engineering – attempts to counteract human-caused climate change –Reducing sunlight reaching earth –Removing human-caused greenhouse gases

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Reducing Greenhouse Gases Ocean’s biological pump “Sink” for carbon dioxide Pumps from surface to deep waters

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Reducing Greenhouse Gases Ocean as thermal sponge Unique thermal properties of water Oceans absorb much heat without changing temperature Oceans still warming

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Possibilities for Reducing Greenhouse Gases Iron hypothesis –Fertilize ocean to increase productivity –Increase phytoplankton, increase carbon dioxide removal from atmosphere Sequestering excess carbon dioxide in oceans

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Kyoto Protocol: Limiting Greenhouse Gas Emissions (1997) International agreement – 60 nations Voluntarily limit greenhouse gases Even if gas emissions stabilize, Earth will continue to warm. –Commitment to warming Human activities are altering the global environment.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Kyoto Protocol

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. STUDENT OUTPUT CREATE A BOARD GAME with your GROUP Pages 514 and/or 515 Must be related to any material found on Pages 514 and/or 515 in your textbook...& your notes! Every Person in Science Notebook…. 1.What is the name of your Board Game? 2.What is the purpose… or how do you win? 3.How many players can play? 4.Write out the rule or rules to play and win. minimum of two ideas or concepts 5.Write a minimum of two ideas or concepts to be applied during the game and describe how applying each will help a person win the game. EACH GROUP MAKES A drawing of the game board on Poster Paper.