HUMAN FACTORS Module 1, Topic 1

Human factors2 OBJECTIVE At the end of this course, students will be able to explain the meaning and definition of Human Factors, a conceptual model of it; Clarification of common misconceptions; the industry need for Human Factors; the application of Human Factors in aviation At the end of this course, students will be able to explain the meaning and definition of Human Factors, a conceptual model of it; Clarification of common misconceptions; the industry need for Human Factors; the application of Human Factors in aviation

Human factors3 ITEMS OF COURSE ITEM II. THE HUMAN ELEMENT — SPECIFIC ATTRIBUTES ITEM III. HF IN ATS ITEM I. GENERAL CONCEPTS

Human factors4 ITEMS OF COURSE ITEM VI. ENVIRONMENT & ERGONOMICS ITEM IV. HUMAN FACTORS ISSUES AFFECTING ATCO PERFORMANCE ITEM VII. AUTOMATIZATION AT ATC ITEM V. ERRORS

ITEM I GENERAL CONCEPTS

INTRO Human Factors - psychophysiological abilities of a human, inherent in each and every person, who is trained to perform a work which involves necessary collaboration with different kinds of machines, software, procedures and other people being in the same team. 6Human factors

7 INTRO Human Factors applies knowledge of how human beings perceive (воспринимать), sense, learn, understand, interpret, process, remember and use information, and also applies knowledge of how to measure human performance and its effects within a functioning system. Human Factors examines the many ways in which the controller and the system can affect each other, and helps to reveal whether the main influence on events is the structure of the ATC system or the actions of individual controllers.

Human factors8 INTRO Human Factors knowledge is applied to ATC to understand and quantify the interactions between the system and the human It is used to guide how each should adapt to the other and to suggest how human and system requirements that may appear to differ can nevertheless all be met, so that ATC efficiency and safety are optimized without harm to the controller

Human factors? Write your story Human factors9

10 INDUSTRY NEED FOR HF Human behaviour and performance are cited as causal factors in the majority of aircraft accidents If the accident rate is to be increased, Human Factors must be better understood and the knowledge more broadly applied The expansion of Human Factors awareness presents the international aviation community with the single most significant opportunity to make aviation both safer and more efficient

PROCEDURES EQUIPMENT ATC Equipment serviceability Procedures execution ATCO Supporting staff assisting ATCO Supporting staff assisting ATCO Maintenance staff Surveillance Communication Navaids Interfaces Facilities Human factors11 ROLE OF HF IN AERONAUTICAL SYSTEM HUMANS

Human factors12 SOURCES OF INFO ABOUT HF PSYCHOLOGY PHYSIOLOGY BIOMECHANICS ANTHROPOMETRY SOCIOLOGY MEDICINE BIOLOGY CHRONOBIOLOGY BIOLOGY CHRONOBIOLOGY STATISTICS

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Human factors14 A CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF HUMAN FACTORS It is helpful to use a model to aid in the understanding of Human Factors, as this allows a gradual approach to comprehension. One practical diagram to illustrate this conceptual model uses blocks to represent the different components of Human Factors. It is helpful to use a model to aid in the understanding of Human Factors, as this allows a gradual approach to comprehension. One practical diagram to illustrate this conceptual model uses blocks to represent the different components of Human Factors.

Human factors15 FEATURES OF HUMAN OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS INFORMATION PROCESSING INPUT CHARACTERISTICS PHYSICAL SIZE AND SHAPE PHYSICAL NEEDS ENVIRONMENTAL TOLERANCES

Human factors16 CHARACTERISTICS OF HUMAN-OPERATOR Some of the more important characteristics of human-operator are the following: Physical size and shape. In the design of any workplace and most equipment, a vital role is played by body measurements and movements, which will vary according to age and ethnic and gender groups. Physical size and shape. In the design of any workplace and most equipment, a vital role is played by body measurements and movements, which will vary according to age and ethnic and gender groups. Physical needs. People’s requirements for food, water and oxygen are available from physiology and biology. Physical needs. People’s requirements for food, water and oxygen are available from physiology and biology. Input characteristics. Humans have been provided with a sensory system for collecting information from the world around them, enabling them to respond the external events and to carry out the required task. Input characteristics. Humans have been provided with a sensory system for collecting information from the world around them, enabling them to respond the external events and to carry out the required task.

Human factors17 CHARACTERISTICS OF HUMAN-OPERATOR Information processing. These human capabilities have severe limitations. Poor instrument and warning system design has frequently resulted from a failure to take into account the capabilities and limitations of the human information processing system. Short- and long-term memory are involved, as well as motivation and stress. Information processing. These human capabilities have severe limitations. Poor instrument and warning system design has frequently resulted from a failure to take into account the capabilities and limitations of the human information processing system. Short- and long-term memory are involved, as well as motivation and stress. Output characteristics. Once information is sensed and processed, messages are sent to the muscles to initiate the desired response, whether it be a physical control movement or the initiation of some form of communication. Output characteristics. Once information is sensed and processed, messages are sent to the muscles to initiate the desired response, whether it be a physical control movement or the initiation of some form of communication. Environmental tolerances. Temperature, pressure, humidity, noise, time of day, light and darkness can all be reflected in performance and also in well-being. Environmental tolerances. Temperature, pressure, humidity, noise, time of day, light and darkness can all be reflected in performance and also in well-being.

Human factors18 SANITARY MICROCLIMATE STANDARDS Microclimate parameter OPTIMUM Human reaction on changes LESS than optimum MORE than optimum Air temperature, t 0 C Reaction inhibition (затормаживание), slow movement, flexibility and dexterity become worse, stress is possible Excessive sweating (избыточное потовыделение), thirst (жажда), discomfort, reduction of working capacity, stress is possible Air humidity, % Throat is dry, speech troubles, fluid loss (обезвоживание организма), thirst (жажда), discomfort Excessive sweating (избыточное потовыделение), subjective clothes inconvenience, thirst (жажда), discomfort, reduction of working capacity Speed of air movement, m/sec Not more than 0,1 Subjective shortage of fresh air flow, discomfort Sitting in a draught (сквозняк), irritability, taking a chill (cold) is possible, discomfort Noise level, db Not more than 55 Normal conditions Negative physiological and psychological influence to human organism, some losing ATCO’s hearing ability, rise of blood pressure, headache, fatigue, irritability, stress, reduction of working capacity

Human factors19 LIVEWARE-HARDWARE ANALYSIS Liveware-Hardware. This interface is the one most commonly considered when speaking of human-machine systems: design of seats to fit the sitting characteristics of the human body, of displays to match the sensory and information processing characteristics of the user, of controls with proper movement, coding and location. Liveware-Hardware. This interface is the one most commonly considered when speaking of human-machine systems: design of seats to fit the sitting characteristics of the human body, of displays to match the sensory and information processing characteristics of the user, of controls with proper movement, coding and location. The user may never be aware of an L-H deficiency, even where it finally leads to disaster, because the natural human characteristic of adapting to L-H mismatches will mask such a deficiency, but will not remove its existence. This constitutes a potential hazard to which designers should be alert. The user may never be aware of an L-H deficiency, even where it finally leads to disaster, because the natural human characteristic of adapting to L-H mismatches will mask such a deficiency, but will not remove its existence. This constitutes a potential hazard to which designers should be alert. H L

Human factors20 LIVEWARE-SOFTWARE ANALYSIS Liveware-Software. This encompasses humans and the non-physical aspects of the system such as procedures, manual and checklist layout, symbology and computer programmes. Liveware-Software. This encompasses humans and the non-physical aspects of the system such as procedures, manual and checklist layout, symbology and computer programmes. The problems are often less tangible in this interface and are consequently more difficult to resolve (for example, misinterpretation of checklists or symbology). The problems are often less tangible in this interface and are consequently more difficult to resolve (for example, misinterpretation of checklists or symbology). S L

Human factors21 LIVEWARE-LIVEWARE ANALYSIS Liveware-Liveware. This is the interface between people. If each individual crew member was proficient, then it was assumed that the team consisting of these individuals would also be proficient and effective. This is not always the case, however, and for many years attention has increasingly turned to the breakdown of teamwork. Liveware-Liveware. This is the interface between people. If each individual crew member was proficient, then it was assumed that the team consisting of these individuals would also be proficient and effective. This is not always the case, however, and for many years attention has increasingly turned to the breakdown of teamwork. Group influences play a role in determining behaviour and performance. In this interface, we are concerned with leadership, crew co-operation, teamwork and personality interactions. Staff/management relationships are also within the scope of this interface, as corporate climate and company operating pressures can significantly affect human performance. Group influences play a role in determining behaviour and performance. In this interface, we are concerned with leadership, crew co-operation, teamwork and personality interactions. Staff/management relationships are also within the scope of this interface, as corporate climate and company operating pressures can significantly affect human performance. L L

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Human factors23 QUESTIONS Describe the elements of SHEL model Describe the elements of SHEL model

Human factors24 QUESTIONS Describe the features of human-operator Describe the features of human-operator

Human factors25 POINTS TO REMEMBER SHEL model SHEL model Features of human-operator Features of human-operator Sources of information about human-operator Sources of information about human-operator References: Doc. 9859, ICAO Cir. 241 References: Doc. 9859, ICAO Cir. 241

26 Module 2, Topic 1