BLOOD TYPES ABO and Rh groups

Blood Type History Blood tests required before marriage (more to do with diseases than any other reason…)

We share the ABO system with… apes, gorillas, chimpanzees, and bonobos

Discovery of Blood Types ~1900 blood groups were discovered after more transfusions began to occur Some patients died, some did not

Antigens = Sprinkles Toxin that induces an immune response within the body, especially the production of antibodies

Antigens Blood Type A = A antigens Blood Type B = B antigens Blood Type AB = A and B antigens Blood Type O = neither A nor B antigens

Another note on Antigens… The ones you have on your RBC’s are recognized by your body as SELF antigens If foreign antigens are discovered by your body, your body will create antibodies and destroy those cells

Rh Factor Protein that can be present on the surface of RBC’s A person either has or does not have the Rh proteins on surface of RBC’s Positive Rh Most people have this Rh factor Negative Rh When you do not have an Rh factor, it is negative

How do you get one? It is genetic and is passed on from both parents Mom = Rh (-) Dad = Rh (-) oFetus = Rh (-) Mom = Rh (+)Dad = Rh (-) oFetus = either Rh (+) or (-)

Rh and Pregnancy Rh Incompatibility – when you are Rh (-) and fetus is Rh (+) Usually does not occur in first pregnancy, but can occur in later pregnancy

What happens? When an Rh (-) mother’s blood comes into contact with blood from her Rh (+) fetus, the Rh-negative mother will make antibodies against the Rh factor. These antibodies attack the Rh factor as if it were a harmful substance. A person with Rh-negative blood who makes Rh antibodies is called "Rh sensitized."

Rh Sensitivity Woman and fetus do not share blood systems., a small amount of blood from the fetus can cross the placenta into the woman’s system. can happen during pregnancy, labor, and birth. Especially common if: Bleeding during pregnancy Manual rotation of a baby in a breech presentation before labor Blunt trauma to the abdomen during pregnancy

Problems Problems usually do not occur in the first pregnancy because the baby often is born before the woman’s body develops many antibodies. If preventive treatment is not given during the first pregnancy and the woman later becomes pregnant with an Rh-positive fetus, the baby is at risk of Rh disease.

Problems for Fetus The Rh antibodies destroy some of the fetal red blood cells. This causes hemolytic anemia (RBC’s are destroyed faster than the body can replace them.) Red blood cells carry O2 to all parts of the body. Without enough RBC’s, the fetus will not get enough O2. Hemolytic anemia can lead to serious illness, even death to the fetus

Prevention Blood test can be administered to see the antibodies Immunization - Rh immunoglobulin (RhIg) made from donated blood. It targets any Rh (+) cells in and prevents the production of Rh antibodies. can prevent fetal hemolytic anemia in a later pregnancy.