Welcome to the Presidency Review Session! Please sign in with your first and last name. Mr. Benedict and Mrs. Spangler will be with you shortly.

If you could create a job description for the Presidency that would go in the “help wanted” section of the newspaper, what would you write? Qualifications: Job description: Salary/Benefits:

Overview 1. Function – Execute the Laws 2. Members: a.President 1. Qualifications a. 35 years old b. Natural-born citizen c. U.S. resident for 14 years 2. Method of Selection – Electoral College 3. Term of Office – 4 years- maximum of 2 terms (22 nd Amendment) Vice President’s House 34th Street and Massachusetts Ave. Washington, D.C.

Shared Characteristics Political or military experience Political or military experience Married Married White male White male Protestant Protestant Northern European ancestry Northern European ancestry Mentalfloss.com Every president since Hoover has tried to reorganized the executive branch

Fears of the founders Use bribery Use bribery Use militia to overpower the states Use militia to overpower the states Corrupt the Senate, vice versa Corrupt the Senate, vice versa President would be directed by others President would be directed by others Succession would not be peaceful Succession would not be peaceful

The Electoral College What? What? Why? Why? What happens if there is no majority? What happens if there is no majority? –Thrown to House –3 leading candidates –Each state gets one vote –If there a tie within the delegation, the state’s vote is not counted.

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Powers of the President A. Execute laws passed by Congress B. Make treaties with advice and consent of the Senate C. Appoint ambassadors and federal judges D. Recommend measures to Congress E. Veto laws F. Commander-in-Chief of armed forces G. Head of State and Chief Executive H. Pardon and reprieve I. Call special sessions of Congress

Jobs of the President Chief Executive: enforces the laws Chief Executive: enforces the laws Commander in Chief: had of the nation’s military forces. Only Congress can declare war, but recent Presidents have sent troops into combat without a formal declaration. Commander in Chief: had of the nation’s military forces. Only Congress can declare war, but recent Presidents have sent troops into combat without a formal declaration.

Jobs of the President Head of State: ceremonial duties such as welcoming foreign leaders and recognizing important Americans. Head of State: ceremonial duties such as welcoming foreign leaders and recognizing important Americans. Treaty Negotiator/Director of foreign policy: makes treaties, and works with the Secretary of State to shape policies for dealing with other countries Treaty Negotiator/Director of foreign policy: makes treaties, and works with the Secretary of State to shape policies for dealing with other countries

Jobs of the President Head of the Political Party: uses influence to back party candidates and raise money. Head of the Political Party: uses influence to back party candidates and raise money. Economic guardian: plans federal gov’t budget and appoints head of federal reserve. Economic guardian: plans federal gov’t budget and appoints head of federal reserve. Legislative leader: Convene special sessions, signs acts of Congress or vetoes. (2/3 can override a veto.) Legislative leader: Convene special sessions, signs acts of Congress or vetoes. (2/3 can override a veto.)

Jobs of the President Personnel Recruiter-select people for federal positions and appointments. Personnel Recruiter-select people for federal positions and appointments. Domestic Crisis Manager-leader in resolving issues within the U.S. (usually does not increase president’s popularity) Domestic Crisis Manager-leader in resolving issues within the U.S. (usually does not increase president’s popularity)

Popularity Only three presidents did NOT lose popularity (Eisenhower, Reagan, and Clinton) Honeymoon Period- highest popularity is right after an election. Example: FDR Associated with the proportion of proposals approved by congress. Bush had the lowest initial approval rating: 25% Bush also had the highest approval rating: 90% (for only a short period) More Popularity=More Power Coattail effect decreased.

Presidential Organization StructureDescriptionExamplesPositivesNegatives PyramidHierarchyReagan, NixonMore efficientRisk misinformation CircularReport directly to President CarterPresident gets lots of information Confusion, too much information given to president Ad HocTask forces, committees, and informal groups Clinton (1 st term) Somewhat efficient Wrong person could be chosen to head task force

The President and Congress Shared powers: Treaties, appointees, approve legislation Shared powers: Treaties, appointees, approve legislation Unlike a Prime Minister, our President is unable to control congress Unlike a Prime Minister, our President is unable to control congress –Example: Kennedy only able to secure 25% of proposals with Dem. Congress. Period of Congressional Domination Period of Congressional Domination Legislative Veto unconstitutional Legislative Veto unconstitutional

The Veto 2 ways to Veto 2 ways to Veto –Veto Message –Pocket Veto: don’t sign for ten days In session: becomes law In session: becomes law Not is session: It’s vetoed Not is session: It’s vetoed The president does not have the power to line item veto. The president does not have the power to line item veto. Only 4% of the 2,500 vetoes have been overridden. (needs 2/3) Only 4% of the 2,500 vetoes have been overridden. (needs 2/3) FDR had 635 FDR had 635

Presidential Succession 25 th Amendment 25 th Amendment –VP becomes Pres. –VP acts as Pres if disability Pres informs Congress Pres informs Congress VP and majority of cabinet inform Congress VP and majority of cabinet inform Congress Vice President- presides over senate, tie breaking vote, not much else Vice President- presides over senate, tie breaking vote, not much else Speaker of the House Speaker of the House President pro tempore President pro tempore Secretary of State Secretary of State Cabinet members in the order they were established. Cabinet members in the order they were established.

The Vice President Joseph Biden The Vice President Joseph Biden Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi President pro tempore of the Senate 1 Robert Byrd President pro tempore of the Senate 1 Robert Byrd Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton Secretary of the Treasury Timothy Geithner 2 Secretary of the Treasury Timothy Geithner 2 Secretary of Defense Robert Gates Secretary of Defense Robert Gates Attorney General Eric Holder 2 Attorney General Eric Holder 2 Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar Secretary of Agriculture Tom Vilsack Secretary of Agriculture Tom Vilsack Secretary of Commerce Gary Locke Secretary of Commerce Gary Locke Secretary of Labor Hilda Solis 2 Secretary of Labor Hilda Solis 2 Secretary of Health and Human Services Kathleen Sebelius Secretary of Health and Human Services Kathleen Sebelius Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Shaun Donovan Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Shaun Donovan Secretary of Transportation Ray LaHood Secretary of Transportation Ray LaHood Secretary of Energy Stephen Chu Secretary of Energy Stephen Chu Secretary of Education Arne Duncan Secretary of Education Arne Duncan Secretary of Veterans Affairs Eric Shinseki Secretary of Veterans Affairs Eric Shinseki Secretary of Homeland Security Janet Napolitano Secretary of Homeland Security Janet Napolitano

The Cabinet/Agencies Not in the constitution Not in the constitution Grown to 15 departments, Homeland Security most recent Grown to 15 departments, Homeland Security most recent Agencies: Most have prior federal agency experience Agencies: Most have prior federal agency experience Most important: Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Most important: Office of Management and Budget (OMB) President has little control since he only appoints a fraction of employees. President has little control since he only appoints a fraction of employees.

Why has Presidential Power Grown? People demand more from the National Gov.. People demand more from the National Gov.. frequent need for decisive action in times of national emergency. frequent need for decisive action in times of national emergency. Media Media Growth of federal government Growth of federal government Influence of past Presidents (Lincoln, Jackson, FDR) Influence of past Presidents (Lincoln, Jackson, FDR) Historical events (Civil War, Great Depression) Historical events (Civil War, Great Depression) More popularity=more power More popularity=more power

Limits on the Presidency U.S. v. Nixon- no unqualified presidential privilege of immunity from judicial process. U.S. v. Nixon- no unqualified presidential privilege of immunity from judicial process. Budget Reform Act of outlaws impoundment of funds, requires Pres to spend all the funds Budget Reform Act of outlaws impoundment of funds, requires Pres to spend all the funds Clinton v. Jones- The president can be sued for actions taken before he became president Clinton v. Jones- The president can be sued for actions taken before he became president War Powers Act- limits the ability of the President to send troops into combat, unconstitutional War Powers Act- limits the ability of the President to send troops into combat, unconstitutional

Impeachment Bringing charges of wrongdoing against a government official. Bringing charges of wrongdoing against a government official. “Treason, Bribery or other High Crimes and Misdemeanors”. “Treason, Bribery or other High Crimes and Misdemeanors”. House brings the charges House brings the charges Senate convicts (2/3) Senate convicts (2/3) Clinton and Andrew Johnson Clinton and Andrew Johnson

Would You want to be President? 90 hour work week 90 hour work week Must approve or veto between bills annually Must approve or veto between bills annually 100s of phone calls 100s of phone calls Meeting, meetings, meetings Meeting, meetings, meetings Unflattering media Unflattering media Speeches Speeches Deal with unexpected crisis (392) Deal with unexpected crisis (392) Anything else? Anything else?

The personality of which of the following presidents began to alter the relationship between the president and Congress and the nature of presidential leadership? Andrew Jackson Andrew Jackson Ulysses S. Grant Ulysses S. Grant Richard Nixon Richard Nixon Jimmy Carter Jimmy Carter William H. Harrison William H. Harrison You’re thinking: Um, we didn’t go over this question? How can you make an educated guess??? The question says “began”…. probably an earlier president. Which presidents have a strong Personality?