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©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/ Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Visualizing Psychology by Siri Carpenter & Karen Huffman PowerPoint  Lecture Notes Presentation Chapter 15: Social Psychology Siri Carpenter, Yale University Karen Huffman, Palomar College

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/ Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Lecture Overview Our Thoughts About Others Our Feelings About Others Our Actions Toward Others Applying Social Psychology to Social Problems Applying Social Psychology to Social Problems

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/ Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Introductory Definition Social Psychology: study of how other people influence our thoughts, feelings, and actions

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/ Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Our Thoughts About Others Attribution: explanation for the cause of behaviors or events To determine the cause, we first decide whether the behavior comes from an: internal (dispositional) cause, such as personal characteristics, or external (situational) cause, such as situational demands.

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/ Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Our Thoughts About Others: Mistaken Attributions 1.Fundamental Attribution Error: misjudging causes of others’ behavior and attributing to internal (dispositional) vs. external (situational) ones Saliency bias may explain this focus on dispositional causes.

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/ Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Our Thoughts About Others: Mistaken Attributions 1. Self-Serving Bias: taking credit for our successes, and externalizing our failures

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/ Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Our Thoughts About Others Attitude: learned predisposition to respond cognitively, affectively, and behaviorally to a particular object

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/ Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Our Thoughts About Others: Cognitive Dissonance Cognitive Dissonance: feeling of discomfort created from a discrepancy between an attitude and a behavior or between two competing attitudes

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/ Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Our Thoughts About Others: Cognitive Dissonance (Continued)

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/ Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Our Thoughts About Others: Cognitive Dissonance (Continued) Festinger and Carlsmith’s Cognitive Dissonance Study. Participants given VERY boring tasks to complete, and then paid either $1 or $20 to tell next participant the task was “very enjoyable” and “fun.” Result? Those paid $1 experienced greater cognitive dissonance, and, therefore changed their attitude more than those paid $20.

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/ Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Pause and Reflect: Check & Review 1.What is the fundamental attribution error? 2.According to the _____ theory, people are motivated to change their attitudes because of tension created by a discrepancy between an attitude and a behavior or between two or more competing attitudes.

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/ Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Our Feelings About Others: Prejudice and Discrimination Prejudice: learned, generally negative, attitude toward members of a group Discrimination: negative behaviors directed at members of a group

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/ Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Our Feelings About Others: Prejudice and Discrimination (Cont.) Three components of prejudice: 1. Cognitive Stereotype: set of beliefs about the characteristics of people in a group generalized to all group members 2. Affective (feelings associated with objects of prejudice) 3. Behavioral Discrimination: negative behaviors directed at members of a group

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/ Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Our Feelings About Others: Sources of Prejudice and Discrimination Learned response Mental shortcut Ingroup Favoritism: ingroup viewed more positively than outgroup Outgroup Homogeneity Effect: outgroup judged as less diverse than ingroup

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/ Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Our Feelings About Others: Sources of Prejudice and Discrimination (Continued) Economic and political competition Displaced aggression

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/ Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Pause and Reflect: Critical Thinking Do you believe you are free of prejudice? Would you date and marry someone of another ethnic group? If you’re heterosexual, would you share a college dorm room with someone who is gay or lesbian? Why or why not?

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/ Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Our Feelings About Others: Interpersonal Attraction Interpersonal Attraction: positive feelings toward another Three Key Factors: Physical Attractiveness Proximity: geographic closeness Similarity: need complementarity vs. need compatibility

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/ Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Our Feelings About Others: Inter- personal Attraction (Liking and Loving) Liking is a favorable evaluation of another. Loving can be defined in terms of caring, attachment, and intimacy.

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/ Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Our Feelings About Others: Inter- personal Attraction (Liking and Loving) Sample items from Rubin’s liking and loving test:

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/ Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Our Feelings About Others: Interpersonal Attraction (Continued) Romantic Love: erotic attraction with future expectations Companionate Love: lasting attraction based on trust, caring, tolerance, and friendship

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/ Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Pause and Reflect: Check & Review 1.Briefly explain how prejudice differs from discrimination. 2.How does romantic love differ from companionate love?

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/ Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Our Actions Toward Others: Social Influence Conformity: changing behavior because of real or imagined group pressure Obedience: following direct commands, usually from an authority figure

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/ Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Our Actions Toward Others: Conformity Asch’s Conformity Study Participants were asked to select the line closest in length to X. When confederates gave obviously wrong answers (A or C), more than 1/3 conformed and agreed with the incorrect choices.

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/ Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Our Actions Toward Others: Conformity (Continued) Why do we conform? Normative Social Influence: need for approval and acceptance Informational Social Influence: need for information and direction Reference Groups: we conform to people we like and admire because we want to be like them

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/ Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Our Actions Toward Others: Obedience Milgram’s obedience study. Participants serving as “teachers” are ordered to continue shocking someone with a known heart condition who is begging to be released. Result? 65% of “teachers” delivered highest level of shock (450 volts) to the heart condition “learner.”

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/ Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Our Actions Toward Others: Obedience Milgram’s “Learner” & Shock Generator

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/ Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Our Actions Toward Others: Obedience Four major factors affecting obedience: legitimacy and closeness of the authority figure remoteness of the victim assignment of responsibility modeling/imitation

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/ Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Our Actions Toward Others: Obedience

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/ Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Pause and Reflect: Critical Thinking How would you have behaved if you were a “teacher” in Milgram’s obedience studies? Would you have given the highest level of shocks? What about your best friend or parents? Would their behavior differ from yours? Why and how?

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/ Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Our Actions Toward Others: Group Processes Group membership involves:  Roles: set of behavioral patterns connected with particular social positions  Deindividuation: anonymity leads to reduced inhibition, self-consciousness, and personal responsibility

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/ Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Group Processes: “Power of the Situation” Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison Study Students were randomly assigned to play the role of either “prisoner” or “guard.” Original study was scheduled for 2 weeks, but it was stopped after 6 days due to serious psychological changes in both “prisoners” and “guards.”

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/ Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Group Processes: Problems with Decision Making Group Polarization: group movement toward either a riskier or more conservative decision; result depends on the members’ initial dominant tendency  Groupthink: faulty decision making occurring when a highly cohesive group seeks agreement and avoids inconsistent information

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/ Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Our Actions Toward Others: Group Processes (Continued) How Groupthink Occurs:

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/ Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Our Actions Toward Others: Aggression Aggression: any behavior intended to harm someone

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/ Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Our Actions Toward Others: Aggression (Continued) Biological Factors in Aggression: instincts, genes, brain and nervous system, hormones and neurotransmitters, substance abuse, and other mental disorders

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/ Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Our Actions Toward Others: Aggression (Continued) Psychosocial Factors in Aggression: – Aversive stimuli – Culture and learning – Violent media/ video games

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/ Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Our Actions Toward Others: Aggression (Continued) How can we control or reduce aggression? Introduce incompatible responses Improve social and communication skills

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/ Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Our Actions Toward Others: Altruism Altruism: actions designed to help others with no obvious benefit to the helper

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/ Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Our Actions Toward Others: Altruism Why do we help?  Egoistic Model: helping motivated by anticipated gain  Empathy-Altruism Model: helping motivated by empathy

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/ Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Our Actions Toward Others: Altruism

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/ Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Our Actions Toward Others: Altruism Why Don’t We Help? Diffusion of Responsibility: dilution, or diffusion, of personal responsibility Ambiguity of the Situation: unclear what help is needed

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/ Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Pause and Reflect: Check & Review 1.Briefly explain how groupthink differs from group polarization. 2.What are the best ways to reduce aggression?

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/ Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Applying Social Psychology to Social Problems Prejudice and Discrimination Destructive Obedience

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/ Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Applying Social Psychology to Social Problems How do we reduce prejudice and discrimination? Encourage cooperation and superordinate goals Increased contact Cognitive retraining Employ cognitive dissonance

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/ Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Applying Social Psychology to Social Problems: How do we reduce destructive obedience? Adjust socialization toward obedience Recognize power of the situation Protect against groupthink Avoid foot-in-the-door technique: making a small request followed by increasingly larger requests Guard against relaxed moral guard

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/ Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Pause and Reflect: Why Study Psychology? Psychology provides scientific research and insight into social problems, like prejudice and destructive obedience. Psychologists also produce concrete suggestions for reducing these problems.

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/ Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Pause and Reflect: Critical Thinking Chapter 15 is often the last chapter covered in a general psychology course. If this is true for you, stop and take the time to list the TOP 5 to 10 concepts or terms that you learned in this course and want to remember for the rest of your life.

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Carpenter/ Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Visualizing Psychology by Siri Carpenter & Karen Huffman PowerPoint  Lecture Notes Presentation End of Chapter 15: Social Psychology Siri Carpenter, Yale University Karen Huffman, Palomar College