McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2009 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Supplement 4 Reliability.

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McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2009 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Supplement 4 Reliability

4S-2 Reliability –The ability of a product, part, or system to perform its intended function under a prescribed set of conditions –Reliability is expressed as a probability: The probability that the product or system will function when activated The probability that the product or system will function for a given length of time

4S-3 Reliability– When Activated Finding the probability under the assumption that the system consists of a number of independent components –Requires the use of probabilities for independent events Independent event –Events whose occurrence or non-occurrence do not influence one another

4S-4 Reliability– When Activated (contd.) Rule 1 –If two or more events are independent and success is defined as the probability that all of the events occur, then the probability of success is equal to the product of the probabilities of the events

4S-5 Example – Rule 1 A machine has two buttons. In order for the machine to function, both buttons must work. One button has a probability of working of.95, and the second button has a probability of working of.88. Button 2.88 Button 1.95

4S-6 Reliability– When Activated (contd.) Though individual system components may have high reliabilities, the system’s reliability may be considerably lower because all components that are in series must function One way to enhance reliability is to utilize redundancy –Redundancy The use of backup components to increase reliability

4S-7 Reliability- When Activated (contd.) Rule 2 –If two events are independent and success is defined as the probability that at least one of the events will occur, the probability of success is equal to the probability of either one plus 1.00 minus that probability multiplied by the other probability

4S-8 Example– Rule 2 A restaurant located in area that has frequent power outages has a generator to run its refrigeration equipment in case of a power failure. The local power company has a reliability of.97, and the generator has a reliability of.90. The probability that the restaurant will have power is Generator.90 Power Co..97

4S-9 Reliability– When Activated (contd.) Rule 3 –If two or more events are involved and success is defined as the probability that at least one of them occurs, the probability of success is 1 - P(all fail).

4S-10 Example– Rule 3 A student takes three calculators (with reliabilities of.85,.80, and.75) to her exam. Only one of them needs to function for her to be able to finish the exam. What is the probability that she will have a functioning calculator to use when taking her exam? Calc Calc Calc. 3.75

4S-11 What is this system’s reliability?

4S-12 Reliability– Over Time In this case, reliabilities are determined relative to specified length of time. This is a common approach to viewing reliability when establishing warranty periods

4S-13 The Bathtub Curve

4S-14 Availability –The fraction of time a piece of equipment is expected to be available for operation

4S-15 Example– Availability John Q. Student uses a laptop at school. His laptop operates 30 weeks on average between failures. It takes 1.5 weeks, on average, to put his laptop back into service. What is the laptop’s availability?