Sophomore Lit Semester Final Study Session

Theme

the central idea embodied or explored in a work

theme The central idea embodied or explored in a work. A theme is expressed in a complete sentence: it needs both a subject (topic) and a predicate (something about the topic).

Examples of theme: Love

Examples of theme: Love is a topic.

Examples of theme: Topic: Love Theme:

Examples of theme: Topic: Love Theme: Unconditional love withstands any obstacle.

Examples of theme: Topic: Hope Theme: Hope can help a person survive a dark time.

Examples of theme: Topic: Courage Theme: It is important to have the courage to express your individuality.

Examples of theme: Topic: Jealousy Theme: Jealousy can cause lasting damage to individuals and relationships.

inference the act or process of reaching a conclusion about something from evidence and what you know rather than from a direct statement

What happened to the cat’s legs?

Evidence: cat has wooden legs piranha is in an open bowl

What you know: cats play piranhas have sharp teeth

Static Character a character who does not change Dynamic Character a character who changes and grows because of what happens to him or her

Conflict a struggle between opposing forces or characters in a literary work; gives rise to and is a focal point for the action of a plot

Person vs. Person Walter vs. Beneatha Bob Ewell vs. Atticus Finch Julian vs. his mother

Person vs. Society Mayella vs. society (isolation) Miss Maudie vs. foot-washing Baptists’ morality Arthur “Boo” Radley vs. the majority of Maycomb

Poetic Elements

Literary terms Metaphor Simile Alliteration Assonance Consonance Tone Persona Rhythm Meter Rhyme

Literary terms Sonnet Elizabethan or Shakespearean or English Italian or Petrarchan Stanza End-stopped rhyme Enjambment

Irony

When what is reality is opposite from, and usually worse than, appearance.

Irony

irony In “Everything That Rises Must Converge,” Julian says “It’s not like it will kill you…” His statement becomes verbally ironic because she dies, though his comment at the time is meant only as a statement of irritation.

Symbolism A symbol is something that represents both itself and something beyond itself. It is a prominent or repeated image or action that is tangible but also conveys an abstract meaning beyond itself.

Point of View The vantage point from which an author presents a story, combining person: first, second, or third and perspective (third person): objective, limited, omniscient

Point of View person: first (I) second (you) third (he, she, they)

Point of View

and third-person perspectives: objective: In this mode of narration, the narrator tells a third-person’s story, but the narrator only describes characters’ behavior and dialogue. The narrator does not reveal any character’s thoughts or feelings explicitly. Limited: the narrator reveals the thoughts and feelings of one character through explicit narration.

Point of View and third-person perspectives: omniscient: omni—all scient—knowing the narrator grants readers the most access to characters’ thoughts and feelings. With third-person omniscient narration, the narration will reveal more than one characters’ internal workings.

Subject and Predicate Subject: The word or word group about which the predicate says something Predicate: The part of the sentence that says something about the subject

Subject and Predicate Ophelia (subject) wept (complete predicate). Ophelia (subject) wept because her sack of rotten potatoes dropped on her foot that she had already injured the day before (complete predicate).

Phrases and Clauses Phrase: a sequence of related words that does not have a subject and/or a predicate and is used as a single part of speech Clause: A sequence of related words that has a subject and a predicate. (main/independent or subordinate/dependent)

List 15 prepositions from memory

Identify Prepositional Phrases We admire the beauty of animals’ tails. of animals’ tails of animals’ tails.

Identify Prepositional Phrases The tails of birds and animals can be useful appendages to their bodies. of birds and animals to their bodies to their bodies.

Identify Prepositional Phrases Similarly, by means of his tail feathers, a male peacock displays his interest in front of the hen. by means of his tail feathers in front of the hen in front of the hen.

Identify Subject and Predicate “Out of the snarl of beard two small eyes regarded Rainsford.”

Identify Subject and Predicate Push! “Push!” is the predicate (verb). The subject is the implied “you” (You push!)

Identify Subject and Predicate “He had never slept in a more comfortable bed, Rainsford decided.”

Identify Subject and Predicate A predicate gives information about the subject of a sentence.

How do you punctuate a short story? “The Most Dangerous Game” The Most Dangerous Game

How do you punctuate a short story? “The Most Dangerous Game”

How do you punctuate a book title? “The Outsiders” The Outsiders

How do you punctuate a book title? The Outsiders

Apply capitalization rules

MLA format for heading a paper