ETHOS Definition: Convinces audience of SPEAKER’S credibility, trustworthiness, moral character.

PATHOS Definition: Stirs up emotions and strong feelings in the audience. Makes them feel pity, rage, sadness, etc.

LOGOS Definition: Uses reliable FACTS to prove a point. In this case, it would be things the people remember Caesar doing (not emotional).

RHETORICAL QUESTION Definition: A question asked to produce an effect, not a response.

VERBAL IRONY Definition: Saying one thing, but meaning the opposite.

PARALLELISM Definition: Repetition of the same words/phrases or patterns of words/phrases. Ex: “As Caesar loved me, I weep for him; as he was fortunate, I rejoice at it; as he was valiant, I honor him; but – as he was ambitious, I slew him.”

ETHOS Example: “Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears. I come to bury Caesar, not to praise him.” This increases Antony’s credibility/trust with the audience because Antony is referring to the crowd as his “friends” to gain their trust. He also wants them to believe he is there to simply bury Caesar –the job given to him by the conspirators - and not compliment him.

PATHOS Example: “ My heart is in the coffin there with Caesar, / And I must pause till it come back to me.” (weeps) This quote stirs up feelings of sadness in the audience because the audience realizes how upset Caesar’s death has made Antony; therefore, it makes them feel upset, as well.

LOGOS Example: “I thrice presented him a kingly crown, Which he did thrice refuse:” This fact supports Antony’s cause because he wants the people to remember the following: Caesar refused the crown three times. Because of this, he can’t be looked at as ambitious, like Brutus said.

RHETORICAL QUESTION Example: “ You all did love him once, not without cause: What cause withholds you then, to mourn for him?” The point Antony is trying to make with this question is that people loved Caesar before, without question, so they shouldn’t stop loving him now if he hasn’t given them reason to.

VERBAL IRONY Example: “Yet Brutus says he was ambitious; And, sure, he is an honorable man.” When Antony says this, he actually means Brutus is NOT honorable. He proves this by reminding the Roman people of all the kind things Caesar did.

PARALLELISM Example: “But Brutus says he was ambitious; And Brutus is an honorable man.” “Yet Brutus says he was ambitious; And Brutus is an honorable man.” The intended effect of this repeated structure on the audience is Brutus is NOT an honorable man. Antony wants the people to remember this and seek revenge on the conspirators.