Examples of primary sources: AUTOBIOGRAPHIES, ARTIFACTS, DIARIES, SPEECHES Examples of secondary sources: TEXTBOOKS, BIOGRAPHIES

Nomadic: ALWAYS ON THE MOVE Sedentary: STAYING IN ONE PLACE

CODES OF LAW IN HISTORY HAMMURABI’S CODE – BABYLONIAN CODE OF LAW OF ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA TWELVE TABLES – MODERN LEGISLATION THAT STOOD AT THE FOUNDATION OF ROMAN LAW JUSTINIAN CODE – The body of Roman law that was codified and promulgated under Justinian I SHARIA LAW – Islamic law derived from the Quran

MONOTHEISM – BELIEF IN ONE GOD POLYTHEISM – BELIEF IN MORE THAN ONE GOD

DOMESTICATION OF ANIMALS = Faster and easier method in having a ready supply of animal and meat products

PALEOLITHIC STAGE – Old Stone Age MESOLITHIC STAGE - Middle Stone Age NEOLITHIC STAGE – New Stone Age

NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION PROCESS 1. Domestication and Agriculture 2. Change from Nomadic to Sedentary 3. Organized governments formed 4. Complex civilizations created

LOCATION OF RIVER VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS 1. Mesopotamia – Between the Tigris and Euphrates, modern day Iraq 2. Indus River Valley – On the Indus River, present day Pakistan 3. Yellow River Valley – On Huang He river, present day China 4. Nile River Valley – On the Nile River, Egypt

FORMS OF WRITING Cuneiform – Wedge-shaped characters used in the ancient writing systems of Mesopotamia Hieroglyph – Picture of an object representing a word, syllable, or sound, as found in ancient Egypt

ZIGGURAT

MANDATE OF HEAVEN

CHINESE PHILOSOPHIES Legalism – Strong state control, obedience Daoism - Living in harmony Confucianism – Relationship of humankind and heaven Buddhism - Life is full of suffering caused by desire

FAMOUS LITERATURE Epic of Gilgamesh – Epic poem from Mesopotamia Iliad and Odyssey – Written by Homer of Greece. Iliad about Trojan War, Odyssey about Odysseus journey after War. Analects – Book containing Confucius teachings

HINDU CASTE SYSTEM OUTSIDE OF CASTE SYSTEM - UNTOUCHABLES

KARMA – The total consequence or effect of one’s actions in life

Indus River Valley traded with Mesopotamia

Ancient Greek Philosophers Socrates – Teach by presenting a question and then challenging the answer Plato – Student of Socrates, wrote Republic Aristotle – Believed in moderation

FAMOUS GREEK WARS AND BATTLES Persian Wars – Persia and Greece Marathon – Emperor Darius of Persia crushed Athens - Darius was first Persian emperor in Persian Wars - Phidippides ran from Marathon to Athens - Sparta couldn’t help (Religious festival) Thermopylae – Think “300” Peloponnesian Wars – Athens and Sparta

FAMOUS ROMAN EMPERORS Augustus – First emperor of Rome Constantine – First emperor to be baptized, ended persecution of Christians Nero – Persecuted Christians Justinian – Emperor of Byzantine empire Charlemagne – First emperor of Holy Roman empire. Crowned on Christmas Day

TIMES ON PEACE Rome – Pax Romana Mongol – Pax Mongolica

FIVE PILLARS OF ISLAM Shahadah – Declaration of faith Salat – Ritual prayers Zakat – Mandatory charity Sawm – Fasting during Ramadan Hajj – Pilgrimage to Mecca

SHARIA LAW = ISLAMIC LAW Stealing = Dominate hand cutoff Non Muslim leads Muslim away from Islam = Death for both A woman can have 1 husband, but a man can have up to 4 wives A woman cannot speak alone to a man who is not her husband or relative.

Roman Catholic (Western) 1. Pope controlled church 2. Priests prohibited from marrying 3. Latin was language of church 4. Use of holy images permitted Eastern Orthodox (Byzantine) 1. Byzantine emperor controlled church 2. Priests had right to marry 3. Greek was language of church 4. Use of icons or holy images prohibited

MANOR – Agricultural estate run by lord and worked by peasents