Chapter 7 THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS. 07-01.

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Presentation transcript:

Chapter 7 THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

07-01

07-03

07-04

07-05

07-02

07-06

07-07

The Kelvin-Planck Statement of the 2 nd Law of Thermodynamics It is impossible to construct a device that will operate in a cycle and produce no effect other than the raising of a weight and the exchange of heat with a single reservoir.

07-03

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07-08

The Clausius Statement of the 2 nd Law of Thermodynamics It is impossible to construct a device that operates in a cycle and produce no effect other than the transfer of heat from a cooler body to a hotter body.

07-06

07-09

The Reversible Process A process that, once having taken place, can be reversed and in so doing leave no change in either system or surroundings.

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Heat Transfer Through a Finite Temperature Difference We know from experience that heat energy flows naturally from a high-temperature reservoir to a low- temperature reservoir. To reverse that process we would need to provide a heat pump (refrigerator), which requires work from the surroundings and heat transfer to the surroundings.

07-16

The Carnot Cycle A reversible isothermal process in which heat is transferred to, or from, a high-temperature reservoir. A reversible adiabatic process (no heat transfer) in which the temperature of the working fluid decreases from the high temperature to the low temperature. A reversible isothermal process in which heat is transferred to, or from, the low-temperature reservoir. A reversible adiabatic process in which the temperature of the working fluid increases from the low temperature to the high temperature.

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Two Propositions It is impossible to construct an engine that operates between two given reservoirs and is more efficient than a reversible engine operating between the same two reservoirs. All engines that operate on the Carnot cycle between two given constant-temperature reservoirs have the same efficiency.

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Ideal vs Real Machines

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p07-04

p07-07

p07-101

p07-106

p07-109

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p07-62

p07-65

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p07-80

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