Theories of personality development

Out lines 1.What is a theory? 2.What is Personality? 3.Discuss mental Health Theories? 4.Explain the Structure of Personality?

The concepts of mental health and mental illness are culturally defined. Individuals experience both physical and psychological responses to stress. Introduction

What is a theory? Theory is defined as : A set of concepts, definitions, relationships, and assumptions that project a systematic view of a phenomena. (Barnum, 1988)

What is Personality?  Personality is defined as: relatively stable pattern of behaviors, thoughts, motives, and emotions that characterizes an individual. Trait is defined as: A characteristic of an individual, describing a habitual way of behaving, thinking, and feeling. shy, lazy, easy-going, confident, happy, friendly.

Psychodynamic Theories. Biological Theories. Environmental Psychology Theories. Cultural Psychology Theories. Humanistic Theories. Theories of Personality

1. Psychodynamic. A.Freud B.Erikson 2. Social-Interpersonal. A.Sullivan B.Maslow 3. Behavioral A.Skinner 4. Cognitive A.Piaget B.Beck Mental Health Theories

Freud: believed that basic character was formed by 5 years of age. Freud: believed that everything in humans do can be understood as manifestations of the life and death. Conscious: Aware of present (Here & Now) Unconscious: Not aware Psychodynamic Model-Freud

The Structure of Personality EG O SUPEREG O ID

He organized the structure of the personality into Three major: 1. Id: pleasure principle: part of the mind; Operates according to the pleasure principle and primary process thinking. 2. Ego: reality of Personality: The part of the mind that constrains the Id to reality, Develops around 2-3 years of age, Mediates between id, superego, and environment. 3. Superego: is an ideal ego that, as the conscience, exercises moral censorship on behavior. The Structure of Personality

These were described by Freud include: 1.The oral stage (0 – 18 months) related to later mistrust and rejection issues. 2.The anal stage (18 months to 4 years) related to later personal power issues. 3.The phallic stage (4 - 6 years) related to later sexual attitudes. 4.The latency stage (7 to puberty) time of socialization 5.The genital stage (puberty to young adulthood) Sexual energies are invested in life. Personality development

1.Repression: When a threatening idea, memory, is blocked (either consciously or unconsciously). 2. Projection: When repressed feelings are attributed to someone. 3. Displacement: When a person’s emotions are directed towards people that are not the real object of the emotion. Freud’s : Defense mechanisms

4. Reaction formation: When a feeling or belief that causes anxiety is transformed into the opposite feeling or belief in our Consciousness. 5. Regression Returning to a previous stage of development. 6. Denial Refusal to admit something unpleasant or that something that stimuli anxiety is happening. Freud’s : Defense mechanisms

most important force driving human behavior and the development of personality was social interaction. His developmental theory of the "Eight Stages of Man" was unique in that it covered the entire lifespan rather than childhood and adolescent development. Developmental Model-Erikson

Erikson’s Eight Stages Trust vs.Mistrust Infancy Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt Toddlerhood Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt Toddlerhood Child develops a belief that the environment can be counted on to meet his or her basic physiological and social needs. Initiative vs. Guilt Early Childhood Initiative vs. Guilt Early Childhood Child learns what he/she can control and develops a sense of free will and corresponding sense of regret and sorrow for inappropriate use of self-control. Child learns to begin action, to explore, to imagine as well as feeling remorse for actions.

Erikson’s Eight Stages Industry vs. Inferiority Middle Childhood Industry vs. Inferiority Middle Childhood Identity vs. Role Confusion Adolescence Identity vs. Role Confusion Adolescence Intimacy vs. Isolation Young Adulthood Intimacy vs. Isolation Young Adulthood Child learns to do things well in comparison to a standard or to others Develops a sense of self in relationship to others and to own internal thoughts and desires social identity personal identity Develops ability to give and receive love; begins to make long-term commitment to relationships

Erikson’s Eight Stages Generativity vs. Stagnation Middle Adulthood Generativity vs. Stagnation Middle Adulthood Ego-integrity vs. Despair Later Adulthood Ego-integrity vs. Despair Later Adulthood Develops interest in guiding the development of the next generation Develops a sense of acceptance of life as it was lived and the importance of the people and relationships that individual developed over the lifespan

Behavior and personality development are direct result of interpersonal relationships. Basic fear is rejection = ↑ anxiety Social processes affect specific tasks for each stage and emotional growth. Therapeutic Milieu: 1.Community environment which facilitates client interaction 2.Practice interpersonal skills 3.Work cooperatively to solve problems. Interpersonal Model - Sullivan

Hierarchy of basic human needs: 1.Self actualization. 2.Self - esteem 3.Love & Belonging 4.Safety and security needs 5.Physiological needs Focus on client’s strength and potential to change present /Future oriented. Humanistic Model- Maslow's

1. Behaviorism: Focuses on behaviors and changes, not the mind’s effect. All behavior is learned. 2. Reinforcement: A.Positive Reinforcement = increasing a behavior by administering a reward. B.Negative Reinforcement = increasing a behavior by removing an aversive stimulus when a behavior occurs 3. Punishment = decreasing a behavior by administering an aversive stimulus following a behavior or by removing a positive stimulus. Behavioral Model- Skinner

Piaget describe intellectual development including a discussion of both the process and the stages of development. There are two major aspects to his theory: The process of coming to know and The stages we move through as we gradually acquire this ability. Cognitive Theory - Piaget’s

Beck helps clients discover their distorted patterns of thinking. Goals: – To change the way clients think Identify clients’ automatic thoughts. Reach the core schemata and Schema restructuring. Cognitive Theory - Beck

Your math instructor caught you with the textbook open during a test. Despite the fact that you know he knows you were cheating, you protest your innocence. This defense mechanism is: 1. Denial 2. Reaction formation 3. Regression 4. Displacement Questions

You are on your way to a restaurant to meet some friends, and you are hungry. As you are walking from your car to the restaurant, you are looking forward to talking with your friends. Just then, you hear a gunshot. According to Maslow, your primary motivation would be determined by: 1. Your hunger 2. Your desire to converse with your friends 3. Your desire for safety Questions